Junkyard Computing: Repurposing Discarded Smartphones to Minimize Carbon
Junkyard Computing: Repurposing Discarded Smartphones to Minimize Carbon
复制标题
垃圾场计算：重新利用废弃智能手机以最大限度地减少碳排放
DOI：
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发表时间：
2021
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
P. Pannuto
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Switzer;Gabriel Marcano;R. Kastner;P. Pannuto
1.5全球每年售出10亿部智能手机，其中大多数在不到两年后就退役了。这些不需要的智能手机中的大多数既没有被丢弃也没有被回收，而是在垃圾抽屉和存储单元中苦苦挣扎。这种计算储备代表了大量浪费的潜力：现代智能手机具有越来越高的性能和节能处理器，广泛的网络功能和可靠的内置电源。这个项目研究了将智能手机作为“垃圾电脑”重复使用的能力。“垃圾场计算机通过延长设备寿命来增加全球计算能力，这取代了新设备的制造。我们展示了即使是十年前的智能手机的功能也在现代云微服务所要求的范围内，并讨论了如何将联合收割机手机组合起来执行日益复杂的任务。我们描述了当前以运营为中心的指标如何无法捕获计算的实际碳成本。我们提出了计算碳强度-一个性能指标，平衡了旧设备的持续服务与新机器的超线性运行时改进。我们使用该指标从碳效率的角度重新定义设备的使用寿命。我们开发了一个可重复使用的Pixel 3A手机云。我们分析了在这些智能手机上部署大型端到端基于微服务的应用程序的碳效益。最后，我们描述了系统架构以及通过数百到数千部智能手机扩展到云的相关挑战。
1.5 billion smartphones are sold annually, and most are decommissioned less than two years later. Most of these unwanted smartphones are neither discarded nor recycled but languish in junk drawers and storage units. This computational stockpile represents a substantial wasted potential: modern smartphones have increasingly high-performance and energy-efficient processors, extensive networking capabilities, and a reliable built-in power supply. This project studies the ability to reuse smartphones as "junkyard computers." Junkyard computers grow global computing capacity by extending device lifetimes, which supplants the manufacture of new devices. We show that the capabilities of even decade-old smartphones are within those demanded by modern cloud microservices and discuss how to combine phones to perform increasingly complex tasks. We describe how current operation-focused metrics do not capture the actual carbon costs of compute. We propose Computational Carbon Intensity---a performance metric that balances the continued service of older devices with the superlinear runtime improvements of newer machines. We use this metric to redefine device service lifetime in terms of carbon efficiency. We develop a cloudlet of reused Pixel 3A phones. We analyze the carbon benefits of deploying large, end-to-end microservice-based applications on these smartphones. Finally, we describe system architectures and associated challenges to scale to cloudlets with hundreds and thousands of smartphones.
DOI：
10.1145/3445814.3446701
发表时间：
2021-04
期刊：
Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems
影响因子：
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作者：
Zhipeng Jia;Emmett Witchel
通讯作者：
Zhipeng Jia;Emmett Witchel