Is working beyond state pension age beneficial for health? : evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
Is working beyond state pension age beneficial for health? : evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
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超过国家养老金年龄工作对健康有益吗？
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发表时间：
2014
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Katey Matthews
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作者：
Katey Matthews
目标：延长工作年限是对老龄人口作出政策反应的一项主要战略。这一点目前正在通过提高英国国家养老金年龄来实现。然而，这种变化对健康的影响是非常有争议的。本文通过系统的回顾发现，以往关于这一主题的研究提供了一系列不同的发现。以前的研究之间缺乏一致性的原因之一是老年人研究样本的高度异质性。本研究中进行的荟萃分析在统计学上揭示了这一点。本论文中提出的研究探讨了延长工作寿命是否有益于健康，并侧重于在考虑这些影响时考虑工作质量的重要性。研究方法：这项研究使用了英国老龄化纵向研究的第1至5波受访者，他们工作到国家养老金年龄，然后进入晚年就业或退休。线性样条回归研究了退休年龄段的抑郁症，自测健康和认知功能的轨迹，按工作质量和退休分层。倾向分数匹配随后被用来估计无偏的治疗效果的延长工作，而不是退休，然后穷人和良好的质量工作个别退休。结果如下：样条模型表明，从工作中退休与抑郁模式和自测健康状况的显着变化有关，但继续工作则不然。退休人员的轨迹始终显示出比工作的受访者更差的结果。倾向分数匹配的结果发现，在健康的基础上属于整体工人组相比，退休人员没有显着差异。然而，当根据工作质量对工作进行分层时，显著的差异就变得明显了。属于低素质工人组与抑郁症显著相关，而属于高素质工人组与退休人员组相比，属于高素质工人组与自测健康显著相关。讨论内容：在研究就业对健康的影响时，应考虑到老年工作人口的不同社会人口和健康特征。如果不考虑工作质量的差异，可能会导致错误的假设，即延长就业对所有工人的健康都有利。如果要鼓励老年人工作更长的时间，就需要对所有工作群体产生有益的影响。雇主需要确保对个人工作模式和环境进行调整，以适应老龄化劳动力的需求。
Objectives: Extending working lives is a major strategy in policy responses to ageing populations. This is currently being implemented by means of the increasing UK state pension age. However, the health effects of such changes are highly debatable. A systematic review conducted by this thesis revealed that previous research on the topic has provided a diverse set of findings. One of the reasons for the lack of agreement between previous studies is the high degree of heterogeneity in the study samples of older adults. This is statistically revealed by a meta-analysis conducted in this study. The research presented within this thesis examines whether extending working lives is beneficial for health, and focuses on the importance of accounting for quality of work when considering these effects. Methods: The study used respondents from waves 1 to 5 of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing who worked until state pension age and then entered either later-life employment or retirement. Linear spline regressions examined trajectories of depression, self-rated health and cognitive function across the retirement age period, stratified by work quality and retirement. Propensity score matching was subsequently used to estimate unbiased treatment effects of extended working as opposed to retirement, and then of poor and good quality work individually in relation to retirement. Results: The spline models indicated entering retirement from work was associated with a significant change in patterns of depression and self-rated health, but continuation of work was not. Retiree trajectories consistently showed poorer outcomes than those of respondents who were working. The results of the propensity score matching found no significant differences in health on the basis of belonging to the group of overall workers compared to retirees. However when work was stratified on the basis of its quality, significant differences became apparent. Belonging to the group of poor quality workers was associated with significantly worse depression than belonging to both the good quality workers and retirees, and belonging to the group of good quality worker was associated with significantly better self-rated health than belonging to the group of retirees. Discussion: The heterogeneous socio-demographic and health characteristics of the older working population should be taken into account when examining impacts of employment on health. Failure to account for differences in quality of work may lead to the incorrect assumption that extended employment is beneficial to the health of all workers. If older people are going to be encouraged to work for longer periods of time, beneficial effects need to apply to all working groups. Employers need to ensure adjustments to individual working patterns and environments are made in order to suit the needs of an ageing workforce.