Human exposure to high natural background radiation: what can it teach us about radiation risks?
Human exposure to high natural background radiation: what can it teach us about radiation risks?
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人类接触高自然背景辐射：它可以教会我们有关辐射风险的知识？
DOI：
10.1088/0952-4746/29/2a/s03
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发表时间：
2009-06
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Hayata I
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hendry JH;Simon SL;Wojcik A;Sohrabi M;Burkart W;Cardis E;Laurier D;Tirmarche M;Hayata I
天然辐射是人类暴露于电离辐射的主要来源，其对有效剂量的最大贡献成分来自吸入222 Rn及其放射性子体。然而，尽管通过流行病学调查和机械方面的考虑获得了关于辐射风险的广泛知识，但对长期低水平辐射照射的健康影响仍然知之甚少。本文件审查了对生活在高天然本底辐射地区（巴西瓜拉帕里;印度喀拉拉邦;伊朗拉姆萨尔;中国阳江），包括氡易发地区的人口的研究对低剂量风险估计的可能贡献。关于HNBR相关风险的许多直接信息来自氡和肺癌的病例对照研究，这些研究提供了令人信服的证据，证明普通人群长期长期辐射暴露与疾病发病率之间存在关联。这些研究的成功主要是由于仔细的器官剂量重建（肺部剂量相对较高），以及进行了大规模合作研究以最大限度地提高统计功效并确保系统收集有关潜在混杂因素的信息。相比之下，在其他（非氡）HNBR地区的研究提供的信息很少，主要依赖于生态设计和非常粗略的有效剂量分类。中国和印度最近采取的建立随访队列和进行巢式病例对照研究的步骤可能提供有关未来风险的有用信息，前提是可以进行仔细的器官剂量重建，并收集有关潜在混杂因素的信息。
Natural radiation is the major source of human exposure to ionising radiation, and its largest contributing component to effective dose arises from inhalation of 222Rn and its radioactive progeny. However, despite extensive knowledge of radiation risks gained through epidemiologic investigations and mechanistic considerations, the health effects of chronic low-level radiation exposure are still poorly understood. The present paper reviews the possible contribution of studies of populations living in high natural background radiation (HNBR) areas (Guarapari, Brazil; Kerala, India; Ramsar, Iran; Yangjiang, China), including radon-prone areas, to low dose risk estimation. Much of the direct information about risk related to HNBR comes from case–control studies of radon and lung cancer, which provide convincing evidence of an association between long-term protracted radiation exposures in the general population and disease incidence. The success of these studies is mainly due to the careful organ dose reconstruction (with relatively high doses to the lung), and to the fact that large-scale collaborative studies have been conducted to maximise the statistical power and to ensure the systematic collection of information on potential confounding factors. In contrast, studies in other (non-radon) HNBR areas have provided little information, relying mainly on ecological designs and very rough effective dose categorisations. Recent steps taken in China and India to establish cohorts for follow-up and to conduct nested case–control studies may provide useful information about risks in the future, provided that careful organ dose reconstruction is possible and information is collected on potential confounding factors.