Habitat split as a driver of disease in amphibians
Habitat split as a driver of disease in amphibians
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DOI：
10.1111/brv.12927
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发表时间：
2023-01-04
影响因子：
10
通讯作者：
Savage, Anna E. E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Becker, C. Guilherme;Greenspan, Sasha E. E.;Savage, Anna E. E.
人为的栖息地干扰正在从根本上改变疾病在脊椎动物生命树上的传播和免疫模式。大多数将人为栖息地变化与疾病联系在一起的研究集中于栖息地的丧失和碎片化，但这些过程往往会导致同样重要的第三个过程：栖息地分裂。生境分裂被定义为许多脊椎动物物种完成其生命周期所需的多种自然生境之间的空间分离，生境分裂与脊椎动物种群的下降有关，例如在低地水生生境繁殖的两栖动物和在陆地陆地植被碎片中越冬的两栖动物。在这里，我们将栖息地分裂与两栖动物疾病风险的增加联系起来：(I)通过回顾生物和非生物力量塑造免疫要素，以及(Ii)通过以热带青蛙为重点的空间定位的实地研究。我们提出了一个框架来研究栖息地分裂影响两栖动物疾病风险的机制，重点放在与免疫有关的三个广泛的宿主因素上：(I)共生微生物群落的组成，(Ii)免疫遗传变异，(Iii)应激激素水平。我们的综述强调了栖息地分裂对宿主相关微生物群失调、免疫遗传谱系减少和慢性应激的潜在贡献，这些因素往往促进两栖动物和其他类别脊椎动物的病原性感染和疾病。我们强调，旨在连接多种自然生境(例如陆地-淡水、陆地-海洋、海洋-淡水)的有针对性的栖息地恢复战略可以通过反复低负荷暴露于地方性病原体和减少应激诱导的免疫抑制来增强脊椎动物免疫系统的启动。
Anthropogenic habitat disturbance is fundamentally altering patterns of disease transmission and immunity across the vertebrate tree of life. Most studies linking anthropogenic habitat change and disease focus on habitat loss and fragmentation, but these processes often lead to a third process that is equally important: habitat split. Defined as spatial separation between the multiple classes of natural habitat that many vertebrate species require to complete their life cycles, habitat split has been linked to population declines in vertebrates, e.g. amphibians breeding in lowland aquatic habitats and overwintering in fragments of upland terrestrial vegetation. Here, we link habitat split to enhanced disease risk in amphibians (i) by reviewing the biotic and abiotic forces shaping elements of immunity and (ii) through a spatially oriented field study focused on tropical frogs. We propose a framework to investigate mechanisms by which habitat split influences disease risk in amphibians, focusing on three broad host factors linked to immunity: (i) composition of symbiotic microbial communities, (ii) immunogenetic variation, and (iii) stress hormone levels. Our review highlights the potential for habitat split to contribute to host-associated microbiome dysbiosis, reductions in immunogenetic repertoire, and chronic stress, that often facilitate pathogenic infections and disease in amphibians and other classes of vertebrates. We highlight that targeted habitat-restoration strategies aiming to connect multiple classes of natural habitats (e.g. terrestrial-freshwater, terrestrial-marine, marine-freshwater) could enhance priming of the vertebrate immune system through repeated low-load exposure to enzootic pathogens and reduced stress-induced immunosuppression.