Economic Reform and the Process of Global Integration
Economic Reform and the Process of Global Integration
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DOI：
10.2307/2534573
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发表时间：
1995
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
J. Sachs;Andrew M. Warner
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Sachs;Andrew M. Warner
当布鲁金斯经济活动小组于1970年成立时，世界经济大致符合三种截然不同的经济体系的理念：资本主义第一世界，社会主义第二世界，以及旨在介于前两者之间的发展中第三世界。第三世界的特点不仅在于其人均国内生产总值水平低，而且在于其独特的经济制度，该制度规定国有部门在工业化中发挥主导作用，尽管不像社会主义经济那样垄断工业所有权。1970年至1995年期间，特别是过去十年，见证了世界历史上各国之间最显著的体制协调和经济一体化。虽然经济一体化在整个20世纪70年代和80年代都在增加，但一体化的程度直到1989年共产主义崩溃后才成为人们关注的焦点。1995年，一个占主导地位的全球经济体系正在形成。新的世界贸易组织（WTO）就是这一套共同机构的例证。该组织是由120多个经济体协议建立的，其余几乎所有经济体都渴望尽快加入。新贸易协定的部分内容涉及对商品和服务贸易的基本原则进行编纂。同样，国际货币基金组织（IMF）现在也拥有几乎普遍的成员资格，成员国承诺遵守货币可兑换的基本原则。目前在发展中国家和后共产主义世界进行的大多数经济改革计划，其战略目标都是
WHEN T H E BROOKINGS Panel on Economic Activity began in 1970, the world economy roughly accorded with the idea of three distinct economic systems: a capitalist first world, a socialist second world, and a developing third world which aimed for a middle way between the first two. The third world was characterized not only by its low levels of per capita GDP, but also by a distinctive economic system that assigned the state sector the predominant role in industrialization, although not the monopoly on industrial ownership as in the socialist economies. The years between 1970 and 1995, and especially the last decade, have witnessed the most remarkable institutional harmonization and economic integration among nations in world history. While economic integration was increasing throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the extent of integration has come sharply into focus only since the collapse of communism in 1989. In 1995 one dominant global economic system is emerging. The common set of institutions is exemplified by the new World Trade Organization (WTO), which was established by agreement of more than 120 economies, with almost all the rest eager to join as rapidly as possible. Part of the new trade agreement involves a codification of basic principles governing trade in goods and services. Similarly, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) now boasts nearly universal membership, with member countries pledged to basic principles of currency convertibility. Most programs of economic reform now underway in the developing world and in the post-communist world have as their strategic aim the