SIGNALING OF NEED BETWEEN PARENTS AND YOUNG - PARENT-OFFSPRING CONFLICT AND SIBLING RIVALRY
SIGNALING OF NEED BETWEEN PARENTS AND YOUNG - PARENT-OFFSPRING CONFLICT AND SIBLING RIVALRY
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DOI：
10.1086/285784
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发表时间：
1995-07-01
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
GODFRAY, HCJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
GODFRAY, HCJ
鸟类和哺乳动物的幼崽经常从父母那里索取食物和其他资源，这些方式似乎是昂贵的，要么是在能量消耗方面，要么是因为它们可能会吸引捕食者。代价高昂的恳求被解释为一种手段，通过这种手段，年轻人操纵他们的父母提供更多的资源，而不是父母的最佳资源。或者，父母和孩子之间的交流可以被解释为一个进化稳定的信号系统。一个模型是由一窝中的两个年轻人竞争父母分配的固定数量的资源。它表明，一个进化稳定的信号系统可以存在，其中父母获得准确的信息，其年轻的资源需求，并根据其资源分配的决定。年轻人有更大的资源需求，要求在更高的水平，但系统是稳定的，因为任何虚假的陈述是选择反对。对稳定性至关重要的是，信号必须是昂贵的;正是这些成本惩罚了虚假陈述，并实现了稳定。一个稳定的信号系统的成本的必要性是一个潜在的亲子冲突的资源共享的直接结果。该模型被用来调查的影响，预期水平的征求内育雏相关性，条件的后代和后代的育雏伴侣，和可供育雏的资源总量。被认为是相同的和不相同的年轻人的情况下。的基本模型扩展到研究的情况下，招标的成本都经历了育雏成员和内部和育雏之间的资源竞争的联合影响提供了初步分析。
The young of birds and mammals frequently solicit food and other resources from their parents in ways that appear to be costly either in terms of energetic expenditure or because they may attract predators. Costly solicitation has been explained as a means by which the young manipulate their parents into providing more resources than the parental optimum. Alternatively, communication between parents and young can be interpreted as an evolutionarily stable signaling system. A model is developed of two young in a brood who compete for a fixed amount of resources distributed by their parents. It is shown that an evolutionarily stable signaling system can exist in which the parent obtains accurate information about the resource needs of its young and on which it bases its resource distribution decisions. Young with greater resource requirements solicit at higher levels, but the system is stable because any misrepresentation is selected against. Essential for stability is that signaling must be costly; it is the costs that penalize misrepresentation and allow stability. The necessity of costs for a stable signaling system is a direct result of potential parent-offspring conflict over resource share. The model is used to investigate the influence on expected levels of solicitation of within-brood relatedness, the condition of the offspring and the offspring's brood mate, and the total amount of resources available for the brood. The cases of identical and nonidentical young are considered. The basic model is extended to study situations in which the costs of solicitation are experienced by both brood members and to offer a preliminary analysis of the joint effects of within- and between-brood competition for resources.