Muscle tone regulation during REM sleep: neural circuitry and clinical significance.
Muscle tone regulation during REM sleep: neural circuitry and clinical significance.
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DOI：
10.4449/aib.v149i4.1272
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发表时间：
2011-12
影响因子：
1
通讯作者：
R. Vetrivelan;C. Chang;J. Lu;Jun Lu;R. Vetrivelan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Vetrivelan;C. Chang;J. Lu;Jun Lu;R. Vetrivelan
快速眼动(REM)睡眠是一种独特的行为状态，其特征是皮层和海马区脑电(EEG)激活并伴有肌肉张力。过去50年进行的研究揭示了负责产生和维持快速眼动睡眠的神经元回路，以及参与产生快速眼动睡眠的主要标志的通路，如皮质激活和肌肉张力。快速眼动睡眠的产生和维持似乎涉及到脑桥和延髓的一个广泛的网络。脑桥背外侧核的尾侧背外侧被盖核(CLDT)和背外侧下核(SLD)含有REM-On神经元，中脑导水管周围灰质腹外侧区(VlPAG)含有REM-Off神经元。这些结构之间的相互作用被认为是为了调节REM睡眠量。CLDT-SLD神经元通过臂旁-蓝前核复合体(PB-PC)投射到基底前脑，这一通路可能是REM睡眠中EEG激活的关键。下行的SLD谷氨酸能投射激活延髓腹内侧部，脊髓中间神经元调节肌肉张力，抑制脊髓肌肉的相性肌肉抽动。相反，咬肌中的相位性肌肉抽动可能是由吻侧小细胞网状核(PCRt)中的谷氨酸能神经元驱动的；然而，包括面肌和舌头在内的其他颅肌中负责产生相位性抽动的脑区尚不清楚。
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a distinct behavioral state characterized by an activated cortical and hippocampal electroencephalogram (EEG) and concurrent muscle atonia. Research conducted over the past 50 years has revealed the neuronal circuits responsible for the generation and maintenance of REM sleep, as well as the pathways involved in generating the cardinal signs of REM sleep such as cortical activation and muscle atonia. The generation and maintenance of REM sleep appear to involve a widespread network in the pons and medulla. The caudal laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (cLDT) and sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD) within the dorsolateral pons contain REM-on neurons, and the ventrolateral periaqueductal grey (vlPAG) contains REM-off neurons. The interaction between these structures is proposed to regulate REM sleep amounts. The cLDT-SLD neurons project to the basal forebrain via the parabrachial-precoeruleus (PB-PC) complex, and this pathway may be critical for the EEG activation seen during REM sleep. Descending SLD glutamatergic projections activate the ventromedial medulla, and spinal cord interneurons mediate muscle atonia and suppress phasic muscle twitches in spinal musculature. In contrast, phasic muscle twitches in the masseter muscles may be driven by glutamatergic neurons in the rostral parvicellular reticular nucleus (PCRt); however, the brain region responsible for generating phasic twitches in the other cranial muscles including facial muscles and tongue are not clear.