The State of Civil Society in Japan: Conclusion: Targeting by an Activist State: Japan as a Civil Society Model
The State of Civil Society in Japan: Conclusion: Targeting by an Activist State: Japan as a Civil Society Model
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日本公民社会的状况：结论：激进国家的目标：日本作为公民社会的典范
DOI：
10.1017/cbo9780511550195.017
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发表时间：
2003
影响因子：
0.7
通讯作者：
S. Pharr
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
S. Pharr
公民社会的概念是否令人振奋、令人恼怒或令人困惑，取决于具体的背景和谁的判断。 l 公民社会由在国家、市场和家庭之外形成的团体中持续、有组织的社会活动组成。团体和个人的此类活动逐渐创造了一个话语领域，一个公共领域。然而，在任何社会中，非国家、非市场、非家庭的行为者和活动都是无数的，在考虑人们聚集在一起创造社会生活和公共话语的广阔领域时，不可避免地会存在关于包括和排除哪些内容的争论。但这些不确定性不应该掩盖这个概念的价值，这个概念提供了一个强大的分析工具，用于思考任何特定国家存在的结社景观、塑造它的力量、组成它的各个群体内的社会经验的本质，以及这些地形在不同国家之间的差异。在有关那里有组织的社会生活的现有文献的基础上，公民社会恰恰为分析日本的结社生活提供了这样的工具。丰富的学术传统追溯了该国封建时代及之前的早期公民遗产（见加隆，本卷）。自 1868 年近代以来有关现代日本的社会科学文献——以及本书的章节——揭示了各种各样的抗议运动、邻里协会、大企业组织、农民合作社、妇女团体和运动、小企业协会、工会、右翼团体、老年人团体、公民和社会团体。
The concept of civil society inspires, irritates, or confounds depending on the context and whose judgment is brought to bear. l Civil society consists of sustained, organized social activity that occurs in groups that are formed outside the State, the market, and the family. Such activity on the part of groups and individuals cumulatively creates a domain of discourse, a public sphere. Nonstate, nonmarket, nonfamily actors and activities are myriad in any society, however, and there will inevitably be debates over what to include and exclude in considering that vast sphere in which people come together to create social life and public discourse. But these uncertainties should not obscure the value of a concept that offers a powerful analytical tool for thinking about the associational landscape that exists in any given country, the forces that shaped it, the nature of social experiences within the various groups that comprise it, and the ways in which these terrains vary across nations.Building on the existing literature on organized social life there, civil society provides precisely such a tool for analyzing associational life in Japan. A rieh tradition of scholarship traces the country's early civic legaey in the feudal era and before (see Garon, this volume). The social science literature on modern Japan since the onset of the modern era in 1868-and the chapters of this book-reveal a wide array of protest movements, neighborhood associations, big-business organizations, farmers' cooperatives, women's groups and movements, small-enterprise associations, labor unions, right-wing groups, old people's groups, Citizens' and