UK meteotsunamis: a revision and update on events and their frequency
UK meteotsunamis: a revision and update on events and their frequency
复制标题
英国气象海啸：事件及其频率的修订和更新
作者：
Thompson J
海啸是由水的位移引起的一系列波浪。这种位移可能是由“自下而上”的海底运动引起的，如地震、山体滑坡和火山爆发，或由大气压力扰动引起的“自上而下”的运动。这些“自上而下”的事件被称为气象海啸。气象海啸经常发生在地中海、波罗的海、北美东海岸和五大湖以及日本，因此并非英国独有。英国海岸附近最近的一次海啸发生在2017年5月，当时一场经过英国的风暴产生了大约2米高的海浪，袭击了荷兰海岸。过去150年的历史文献描述了许多来自英国（UK）沿海水域的气象海啸（Haslett et al .）。, 2009;哈斯利特和布莱恩特，2009；Tappin等人。, 2013;vilibiki等人。, 2015;O'Brien等人。, 2018)。其中一些事件导致了死亡，包括海滩使用者被意想不到的海浪击中。气象海啸经常袭击英国海岸，破坏港口和船只，很少造成人员伤亡。在英国，除非亲眼目睹，否则它们通常是在事件发生后通过分析发现的。这种事后分析在英国尤其必要，因为由英国环境局（Environment Agency）操作的潮汐测量系统提供的数据每隔15分钟记录一次，而不像欧洲其他国家那样实时记录。气象海啸的周期在几分钟到几十分钟之间（Pattiaratchi和Wijeratne， 2015）。几十分钟的频率与海啸的典型频率相似，而海啸会产生海港或海湾共振的放大反应（Tappin等）。, 2013)。因此，目前的潮汐计设置并不经常记录在英国水域发生的潮汐，因此不能有效地分析。
A tsunami is a series of waves caused by the displacement of water. The displacement may result from ‘bottom‐up’ seabed movement, such as caused by earthquakes, landslides and volcanic eruptions or ‘top‐down’ movement, from pressure perturbations in the atmosphere. These ‘top‐down’ events are termed meteotsunamis. Meteotsunamis frequently occur in the Mediterranean, the Baltic Sea, the east coast and Great Lakes of North America, and Japan, so they are not exclusive to the United Kingdom. The most recent meteotsunami near the UK coast was in May 2017, when waves around 2m in elevation, generated by a storm passing over the UK, struck the coast of the Netherlands. Historical documents covering the past 150 years describe many meteotsunamis from United Kingdom (UK) coastal waters (Haslett et al ., 2009; Haslett and Bryant, 2009; Tappin et al ., 2013; Vilibić et al ., 2015; O'Brien et al ., 2018). Some of these events have resulted in fatalities, involving beach users who were struck by unexpected sea waves. Meteotsunamis commonly strike the coasts of the UK, damaging harbours, boats and very rarely, causing fatalities. In the UK, they were usually detected by analysis after the event, unless witnessed first‐hand. This post‐event analysis is particularly necessary in the UK because the data provided by the tide gauge system, operated by the Environment Agency, only records at 15‐min intervals, not in real time as in the rest of Europe. The periods of meteotsunamis are in the range of minutes to tens of minutes (Pattiaratchi and Wijeratne, 2015). A frequency of tens of minutes is similar to a typical frequency expected from a meteotsunami that would have an amplified response from harbour or bay resonance (Tappin et al ., 2013). Therefore, those occurring in UK waters are not often recorded with the present tide gauge settings and as a consequence, cannot be analysed effectively.