First Report of Brown Rot Caused by Monilinia fructicola on Apricot in a Swiss Orchard.
First Report of Brown Rot Caused by Monilinia fructicola on Apricot in a Swiss Orchard.
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DOI：
10.1094/pdis-94-5-0643b
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发表时间：
2010-04
期刊：
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
M. Hilber-Bodmer;M. Bünter;A. Patocchi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Hilber-Bodmer;M. Bünter;A. Patocchi
Monilinia fructicola (G. Wint.) 是核果和仁果上褐腐病的病原体，是欧洲的检疫病原体（EPPO A2 检疫害虫）。自 2001 年在法国果园首次发现以来，该病原体已在奥地利（已根除）、西班牙、捷克共和国、意大利和德国的果园中被正式鉴定出。据报道，匈牙利和瑞士的进口水果中也发现了果果霉 (2)。 2003 年和 2005 年对瑞士果园的调查没有发现自然感染的证据 (2)。 2008年7月至8月，对瑞士杏（Prunus armeniaca Linn.）主产区（瓦莱州）进行了大规模的果园调查。从包装厂的 57 个不同果园收集出现褐腐病症状的杏子（152 个样品）。此外，还直接从三个果园采集了出现褐腐病症状的木乃伊和新鲜水果（70个样本）。所有样品均使用 Côté 等人基于 PCR 的检测方法进行测试。 （3）。来自直接从树上采集样本的果园的 10 颗杏子检测结果呈 M. fructicola 阳性。这些杏子出现棕色凹陷的病斑，上面覆盖着灰色的脓疱。剩余的褐腐病样品被鉴定为 M. laxa 和 M. fructigena。阳性样本通过 Hughes 等人的 M. fructicola PCR 方案进行了确认。 (4)、遵循EPPO诊断协议(1)。通过 Hughes 等人的 PCR 方案获得了 8 个扩增子。 (4) 进行测序、相互比较，并爆料至 NCBI 数据库。这些扩增子彼此相同，并且与来自美国、新西兰、日本和中国等多个国家的 16 个 M. fructicola 分离株 100% 匹配。 22°C 下在 PDA 上生长的三个分离株的单细胞、透明、柠檬形分生孢子的平均长度为 14.4 ± 1.3 μm，宽度为 8.8 ± 0.77 μm，因此符合 M. fructicola 的描述 (1)。通过在接种分生孢子的成熟杏子上再现褐腐病症状，科赫的假设得以实现。接种六天后，接种的果实出现典型的褐腐病症状，而对照果实保持健康。按照 Côté 等人的方案进行分子测试。 (3) 和休斯等人。 (4)证实接种果实上存在M. fructicola。 2009年，证实了2008年检测到该病原体的果园中存在果果霉。收集并测试了 137 个表现出褐腐病症状的杏子 (3)。从两个样本中发现了果果 M. fructicola，表明该病原体在果园中持续存在。据我们所知，这是瑞士果园首次报告果果霉自然感染的情况。参考文献： (1) 匿名。 OEPP/EPPO 公牛。 33:281, 2003。 (2) E. Bosshard 等人。植物分布。 90：1554，2006。（3）M.-J。科特等人。植物分布。 88:1219, 2004。 (4) K. J. D. Hughes 等人。 OEPP/EPPO 公牛。 30:507，2000 年。
Monilinia fructicola (G. Wint.), causal agent of brown rot on stone and pome fruits, is a quarantine pathogen in Europe (EPPO A2 quarantine pest). Since it was first discovered in French orchards in 2001, this pathogen has been officially identified from orchards in Austria (eradicated), Spain, Czech Republic, Italy, and Germany. M. fructicola has also been reported on imported fruit in Hungary and Switzerland (2). Orchard surveys in Switzerland in 2003 and 2005 found no evidence of natural infections (2). From July to August 2008, a large-scale survey of orchards was conducted in the primary apricot- (Prunus armeniaca Linn.) production region of Switzerland (Canton Valais). Apricots showing brown rot symptoms were collected from 57 different orchards at packinghouses (152 samples). In addition, mummies and fresh fruits showing brown rot symptoms were directly collected from three orchards (70 samples). All samples were tested using the PCR-based assay of Côté et al. (3). Ten apricots, originating from an orchard where the samples were directly collected from the trees, tested positive for M. fructicola. These apricots showed brown, sunken lesions covered with grayish pustules. The remaining brown rot samples were identified as M. laxa and M. fructigena. The positive samples were confirmed by the M. fructicola PCR protocols of Hughes et al. (4), following the EPPO diagnostic protocol (1). Eight amplicons obtained with the PCR protocol of Hughes et al. (4) were sequenced, compared with each other, and blasted to the NCBI database. These amplicons were identical to each other and had a 100% match to 16 M. fructicola isolates originating from several countries including the United States, New Zealand, Japan, and China. The unicellular, hyaline, lemon-shaped conidia of three isolates grown at 22°C on PDA averaged 14.4 ± 1.3 μm long and 8.8 ± 0.77 μm wide, therefore fitting the description for M. fructicola (1). Koch's postulates were fulfilled by reproducing brown rot symptoms on mature apricots inoculated with conidia. Six days after inoculation, typical brown rot symptoms appeared on inoculated fruits while control fruits remained healthy. Molecular tests performed with the protocol of Côté et al. (3) and Hughes et al. (4) confirmed the presence of M. fructicola on the inoculated fruits. In 2009, the presence M. fructicola in the orchard where the pathogen was detected in 2008 was verified. One hundred and thirty-seven apricots showing brown rot symptoms were collected and tested (3). M. fructicola was recovered from two samples, indicating the persistence of the pathogen in the orchard. To our knowledge, this is the first report of natural infection of M. fructicola in a Swiss orchard. References: (1) Anonymous. OEPP/EPPO Bull. 33:281, 2003. (2) E. Bosshard et al. Plant Dis. 90:1554, 2006. (3) M.-J. Côté et al. Plant Dis. 88:1219, 2004. (4) K. J. D. Hughes et al. OEPP/EPPO Bull. 30:507, 2000.