Nonhematological mechanisms of improved sea-level performance after hypoxic exposure
Nonhematological mechanisms of improved sea-level performance after hypoxic exposure
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DOI：
10.1249/mss.0b013e3180de49d3
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发表时间：
2007-09-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Saunders, Philo U.
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文献类型：
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作者：
Gore, Christopher John;Clark, Sally A.;Saunders, Philo U.
在过去的五十年里，精英耐力运动员经常使用高原训练，目的是提高在海平面上的表现。主要的范例是，在海平面上的性能改善主要是由于加速红细胞生成反应，由于在海拔高度的氧气减少，导致红细胞质量增加，最大摄氧量，和竞争力的表现。血液兴奋剂和外源性使用促红细胞生成素证明了更多的红细胞对运动员的表现有明确的好处，但它可能揭示了长期居住在高海拔地区并没有增加藏族和蒙古族的血红蛋白浓度，而安第斯山脉的红细胞增多症则是常见的。这篇综述还探讨了加速红细胞生成以外的因素的证据，这些因素可以有助于在自然或人工缺氧中生活和/或训练后改善海平面的运动表现。我们描述了一系列的研究，已经证明了性能的改善后，各种形式的海拔暴露，尽管没有增加红细胞质量。此外，缺氧诱导的多因素级联反应包括血管生成、葡萄糖转运、糖酵解和pH调节，其中每一个都可以部分解释与大量红细胞无关的耐力表现的改善。具体的有益的非血液学因素包括改善肌肉效率可能在线粒体水平，更大的肌肉缓冲，并能够耐受乳酸的生产。未来的研究应该检查血液学和非血液学机制的适应缺氧，可能会提高优秀运动员在海平面上的表现。
Altitude training has been used regularly for the past five decades by elite endurance athletes, with the goal of improving performance at sea level. The dominant paradigm is that the improved performance at sea level is due primarily to an accelerated erythropoietic response due to the reduced oxygen available at altitude, leading to an increase in red cell mass, maximal oxygen uptake, and competitive performance. Blood doping and exogenous use of erythropoietin demonstrate the unequivocal performance benefits of more red blood cells to an athlete, but it is perhaps revealing that long-term residence at high altitude does not increase hemoglobin concentration in Tibetans and Ethiopians compared with the polycythemia commonly observed in Andeans. This review also explores evidence of factors other than accelerated erythropoiesis that can contribute to improved athletic performance at sea level after living and/or training in natural or artificial hypoxia. We describe a range of studies that have demonstrated performance improvements after various forms of altitude exposures despite no increase in red cell mass. In addition, the multifactor cascade of responses induced by hypoxia includes angiogenesis, glucose transport, glycolysis, and pH regulation, each of which may partially explain improved endurance performance independent of a larger number of red blood cells. Specific beneficial nonhematological factors include improved muscle efficiency probably at a mitochondrial level, greater muscle buffering, and the ability to tolerate lactic acid production. Future research should examine both hematological and nonhematological mechanisms of adaptation to hypoxia that might enhance the performance of elite athletes at sea level.