Defining the Species: apes, savages and humans in scientific and literary writing of the 1860s
Defining the Species: apes, savages and humans in scientific and literary writing of the 1860s
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物种的定义：1860 年代科学和文学写作中的猿类、野蛮人和人类
DOI：
10.1080/13555509909505991
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发表时间：
1999
影响因子：
0.3
通讯作者：
A. Hodgson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
A. Hodgson
在查尔斯·金斯利 (Charles Kingsley) 的《水宝宝》(The Water Babies) 中，小汤姆的烟囱清洁工意外地从错误的烟囱进入了艾莉的卧室。当汤姆进入这个安静而原始的环境时，他被描绘成一个外星人和入侵者。他是一个城市工人阶级的孩子，时不时地犯罪，闯入了当地地方法官的乡村豪宅。由于没有接受过宗教教育，他对艾莉所画的基督受难和钉十字架的照片感到困惑：他是一个异教徒，第一次面对基督教的偶像。此外，当他挤过黑暗而狭窄的开口进入艾莉的房间时，他是一个男性入侵者，侵犯了她私密的女性空间。但也许汤姆与艾莉的许多不同之处中最明显的是，他很脏，而她很干净——这意味着他是黑人，她是白人。故事的书面文本仅暗示了汤姆的颜色的隐喻意义，但在早期版本中，本书第一章的插图使种族含义变得明确。第一章文本开头的字母 0 变成了一面镜子，汤姆在镜子中看到了自己。画中，一个驼背、若隐若现的黑色人影（威胁性地？）伸向床上熟睡的白人孩子，镜子里的倒影有着模糊的头发、凝视的眼睛和厚厚的、下垂的嘴唇：汤姆是黑鬼吟游诗人，一个讽刺的黑人（图一）在书面文字中，汤姆也被认为是一种动物：环顾四周，他突然看到，站在他身边，有点丑陋，黑色， 身材衣衫褴褛，眼神迷离，牙齿咧着白。他愤怒地打开它。这么一只小黑猩猩想在那位可爱的小姐的房间里做什么？看哪，这是他自己K2
In Charles Kingsley’s The Water-Babies young Tom the chimney-sweep comes unexpectedly down the wrong chimney into Ellie’s bedroom. As he enters this hushed and pristine environment, Tom is represented as an alien and a trespasser. He is an urban, working-class, periodically criminal child intruding on the rural luxury of the home of the local magistrate. Having received no religious education, he is mystified by Ellie’s pictures of the ministering and crucified Christ: he is a pagan confronted for the first time by the icons of Christianity. Moreover, as he squeezes through a dark and narrow opening into Ellie’s room he is a masculine intruder who violates her intimate female space. But perhaps the most obvious of the many ways in which Tom is different from Ellie is that he is dirty while she is clean-which means that he is black and she is white. The written text of the story implies only a metaphorical significance for Tom’s colour, but in early editions an illustration to the first chapter of the book makes the racial connotations explicit. The letter 0 which begins the text of the first chapter becomes a mirror in which Tom catches sight of himself. The drawing shows a hunched and looming black figure reaching (threateningly?) towards the sleeping white child in the bed, and the reflection that looks back out of the mirror has fuzzy hair, staring eyes and thick, drooping lips: Tom as nigger minstrel, a caricatured black man (Fig. 1) At this moment in the written text, Tom is perceived also as an animal: looking round, he suddenly saw, standing close to him, a little ugly, black, ragged figure, with bleared eyes and grinning white teeth. He turned on it angrily. What did such a little black ape want in that sweet young lady’s room? And behold, it was himseK2