Evidence for stage-based larval vulnerability and resilience to acidification in Crassostrea virginica
Evidence for stage-based larval vulnerability and resilience to acidification in Crassostrea virginica
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维吉尼亚巨牡蛎阶段性幼虫脆弱性和酸化恢复能力的证据
DOI：
10.1093/mollus/eyaa022
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发表时间：
2020
影响因子：
1.2
通讯作者：
Smith, Rachel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Miller, A Whitman;Reynolds, Amanda;Minton, Mark S;Smith, Rachel
利用扫描电子显微镜（sem）图像分析，比较了中盐海水中高、低co2条件下东牡蛎（scrassostrea virginicagrown） d期幼虫（即prodissoconch I和prodissoconch II （PI和PII）幼虫）的生长差异。我们发现，在两种co2处理中，扫描电镜都没有发现幼虫壳溶解或壳结构变形的证据，但在幼虫壳的PII区域检测到明显的生长线。生长线的数量与实验的持续时间非常接近，表明生长线每天都在产生。在低和高co2条件下培养的幼虫壳的平均生长线间隔宽度增加20%。结果表明，在高co2浓度和文石饱和状态（Ωarag） < 1.0的条件下，幼虫的生长明显减慢。生长线间隔宽度的差异转化为壳面积的实质性变化，并解释了先前观察到的处理之间总壳面积的差异，这是通过光学显微镜和图像分析确定的。其他研究表明，当双壳类动物的前生命阶段（即卵、原肠腺和trochophores）暴露于高浓度的二氧化碳中时，d期幼虫的死亡率和畸形率很高。我们的实验揭示了在高co2和低co2条件下饲养的veligers的幼虫存活率，定居率和随后的早期贝虫死亡率的统计学差异。尽管每一种速率都可测量地受到高二氧化碳的影响，但这些差异的幅度很小（跨类别范围= 0.7-6.3%），这表明影响可能不是灾难性的，正如之前的几项研究所暗示的那样。我们认为，实验结果之间的明显差异可能最好地解释为前veliger期幼虫和veliger期幼虫的不同脆弱性，其中PI和PII幼虫具有更大的生理能力来承受可能在热力学上不利于钙化的环境条件（即Ωarag< 1.0）。
Using image analysis of scanning electron micrographs (SEMs), we compared differences in growth of D-stage veligers [i.e. prodissoconch I and II (PI and PII) larvae] of eastern oystersCrassostrea virginicagrown in mesohaline water under high- and low-CO2conditions. We found SEMs to reveal no evidence of dissolution or shell structure deformity for larval shells in either of the CO2treatments but detected prominent growth lines in the PII regions of larval shells. The number of growth lines closely approximated the duration of the experiment, suggesting that growth lines are generated daily. Mean growth line interval widths were 20% greater for larval shells cultured in low-vshigh-CO2conditions.Crassostrea virginicaveliger larvae were shown to tolerate high CO2levels and aragonite saturation states (Ωarag) < 1.0, but larval growth was slowed substantially under these conditions. Differences in growth line interval width translate into substantial changes in shell area and account for previously observed differences in total shell area between the treatments, as determined by light microscopy and image analysis. Other studies have documented high mortality and malformation of D-stage larvae in bivalves when pre-veliger life stages (i.e. eggs, gastrula and trochophores) were exposed to elevated CO2. Our experiments revealed statistical differences in rates of larval survival, settlement and subsequent early-stage spat mortality for veligers reared in high- and low-CO2conditions. Although each of these rates was measurably affected by high CO2, the magnitude of these differences was small (range across categories = 0.7–6.3%) suggesting that the impacts may not be catastrophic, as implied by several previous studies. We believe the apparent disparity among experimental results may be best explained by differential vulnerability of pre-veliger stage larvae and veligers, whereby PI and PII larvae have greater physiological capacity to withstand environmental conditions that may be thermodynamically unfavourable to calcification (i.e. Ωarag< 1.0).
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影响因子：
1.4
作者：
Kurihara, Haruko;Kato, Shoji;Ishimatsu, Atsushi
通讯作者：
Ishimatsu, Atsushi
DOI：
--
发表时间：
2013
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
N. Malchus;A. F. Sartori
通讯作者：
A. F. Sartori
影响因子：
4.6
作者：
Lowe, Alexander T.;Bos, Julia;Ruesink, Jennifer
通讯作者：
Ruesink, Jennifer
奥林匹亚牡蛎 Ostrea lurida：自然历史、生态学和恢复的最新进展
影响因子：
2.2
作者：
C. Pritchard;A. Shanks;Rose N. Rimler;M. Oates;S. Rumrill
通讯作者：
S. Rumrill
Inoceramid 幼虫浮游营养：来自肯特郡福克斯通的 Gault 地层（中阿尔布安和基底上阿尔布安）的证据
DOI：
--
发表时间：
1996
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
R. I. Knight;N. Morris
通讯作者：
N. Morris