Mechanisms of cryoinjury in living cells.
Mechanisms of cryoinjury in living cells.
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DOI：
10.1093/ilar.41.4.187
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发表时间：
2000
期刊：
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Doyong Gao;J. Critser
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Doyong Gao;J. Critser
活细胞中的生物代谢在低温下急剧减弱，这一事实允许长期保存活细胞和组织，用于科学研究或许多医疗和工业应用（例如，输血、骨髓移植、人工授精、体外受精、食品储存）。然而，保存的概念与实验结果之间存在明显的矛盾，即活细胞可能会因冷冻保存过程本身而受损。冷冻过程中细胞面临的挑战不是它们在极低温度（低于-180摄氏度）下承受储存的能力；而是它们能否承受极低温度（低于-180摄氏度）的储存能力。相反，它是细胞必须穿越两次的中间温度区（-15 至 -60 摄氏度）的致命性——一次在冷却期间，一次在升温期间。低温生物学研究研究影响细胞在低温下（在冷却和升温过程中）存活的潜在物理和生物因素。对冷冻损伤及其预防的这些因素和机制（或假设）进行了回顾和讨论，包括Peter Mazur最著名的二因素假说理论，冷休克、玻璃化、冷冻保护剂（CPA）的概念、致命的细胞内冰形成、CPA添加/去除和冷却/升温过程中的渗透损伤，以及低温生物学研究中的建模/方法。
Biological metabolism in living cells dramatically diminishes at low temperatures, a fact that permits the long-term preservation of living cells and tissues for either scientific research or many medical and industrial applications (e.g., blood transfusion, bone marrow transplantation, artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, food storage). However, there is an apparent contradiction between the concept of preservation and experimental findings that living cells can be damaged by the cryopreservation process itself. The challenge to cells during freezing is not their ability to endure storage at very low temperatures (less than -180 degrees C); rather, it is the lethality of an intermediate zone of temperature (-15 to -60 degrees C) that a cell must traverse twice--once during cooling and once during warming. Cryobiological research studies the underlying physical and biological factors affecting survival of cells at low temperatures (during the cooling and warming processes). These factors and mechanisms (or hypotheses) of cryoinjury and its prevention are reviewed and discussed, including the most famous two-factor hypothesis theory of Peter Mazur, concepts of cold shock, vitrification, cryoprotective agens (CPAs), lethal intracellular ice formation, osmotic injury during the addition/removal of CPAs and during the cooling/warming process, as well as modeling/methods in the cryobiological research.