Dehumanization increases instrumental violence, but not moral violence
Dehumanization increases instrumental violence, but not moral violence
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1705238114
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发表时间：
2017-08-08
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Graham, Jesse
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Rai, Tage S.;Valdesolo, Piercarlo;Graham, Jesse
通过五个实验，我们表明，去人性化--将受害者视为不完全是人的行为--增加了工具暴力，但不是道德暴力。在态度调查中，将认知、经验和情绪状态的能力降低归因于受害者预测了对受害者造成伤害以实现工具性目标的做法的支持，包括血汗工厂劳动、动物实验和导致平民伤亡的无人机袭击，但不支持那些将伤害视为道德正义的做法，包括死刑、战争中的杀戮和杀死恐怖分子的无人机袭击。在Vignette实验中，与使用人性化的语言相比，使用非人性化的语言增加了参与者为了金钱而伤害陌生人的意愿，但不会增加参与者因不道德行为而伤害陌生人的意愿。参与者还会在陌生人想象为了金钱而伤害他们时自发地去人性化，但当他们想象伤害他们的不道德行为时并不是这样。最后，如果参与者想象因为不道德的行为而不是金钱伤害他们，那么他们会将人性低下的陌生人人性化，这表明出于道德动机的肇事者可能会将受害者人性化，以证明针对他们的暴力是正当的。我们的发现表明，非人化使施暴者认为不道德但有益于工具的暴力行为成为可能。相比之下，非人化不会导致道德暴力，因为出于道德动机的肇事者希望伤害有能力受到指责、经历痛苦并理解其含义的完整的人。
Across five experiments, we show that dehumanization-the act of perceiving victims as not completely human-increases instrumental, but not moral, violence. In attitude surveys, ascribing reduced capacities for cognitive, experiential, and emotional states to victims predicted support for practices where victims are harmed to achieve instrumental goals, including sweatshop labor, animal experimentation, and drone strikes that result in civilian casualties, but not practices where harm is perceived as morally righteous, including capital punishment, killing in war, and drone strikes that kill terrorists. In vignette experiments, using dehumanizing compared with humanizing language increased participants' willingness to harm strangers for money, but not participants' willingness to harm strangers for their immoral behavior. Participants also spontaneously dehumanized strangers when they imagined harming them for money, but not when they imagined harming them for their immoral behavior. Finally, participants humanized strangers who were low in humanity if they imagined harming them for immoral behavior, but not money, suggesting that morally motivated perpetrators may humanize victims to justify violence against them. Our findings indicate that dehumanization enables violence that perpetrators see as unethical, but instrumentally beneficial. In contrast, dehumanization does not contribute to moral violence because morally motivated perpetrators wish to harm complete human beings who are capable of deserving blame, experiencing suffering, and understanding its meaning.