The Role of Temperature in the Environmental Physiology of Fishes
The Role of Temperature in the Environmental Physiology of Fishes
复制标题
温度在鱼类环境生理学中的作用
DOI：
10.1007/978-1-4899-3659-2_19
复制
发表时间：
1980
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
M. E. Casterlin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
W. W. Reynolds;M. E. Casterlin
温度是生物体所处环境中最普遍和最重要的物理因素之一。它是原子和分子随机运动的平均速率的量度：温度越高，运动越快。粘度或流动性等性质，以及从固体到液体再到气体的状态变化，都取决于温度。扩散速率随温度升高而增加，因为粒子运动得更快。只有在绝对零度（0 K或-273 C）时，运动才真正停止。温度也影响化学反应的速率，因为为了彼此反应以形成新的分子组合，两个原子或分子必须彼此连接或接近。温度越高，随机运动越快，因此碰撞越频繁。因此，生物体的生命过程是物理化学性质的，受到温度的深刻影响。一般来说，较高的温度往往会加速这些过程，但也往往会破坏生物体的结构完整性。随着温度的变化，各种过程的速率必须平衡和协调。生物体必须补偿由温度变化引起的速率变化（适应或驯化），或者必须设法防止或尽量减少体温变化（体温调节）。也可以采用这些策略的组合。
Temperature is among the most pervasive and important physical factors in the environment of an organism. It is a measure of the average rate of random motions of atoms and molecules: the higher the temperature the faster the motion. Properties such as viscosity or fluidity, and changes in state from solid to liquid to gas, depend upon temperature. Diffusion rates increase as temperature incJeases, because the particles are moving faster. Only at absolute zero (0 K, or-273 C) does the motion virtua11y cease. Temperature also affects the rates of chemical reactions, since in order to react with one another to form new molecular combinations, two atoms or molecules must coUide or come into dose proximity to one another. The higher the temperature, the faster the random motion, and thus the more frequent wiH be the coUisions. The life processes of living organisms, which are physicochemical in nature, are therefore profoundly affected by temperature. In general, higher temperatures tend to speed up these processes, but also tend to disrupt the structural integrity of the organism. As temperatures change, the rates of various processes must be balanced and coordinated. The organism must either compensate for the rate changes induced by changes in temperature (acclimation or acclimatization), or it must try to prevent or minimize changes in its body temperature (thermoregulation). A combination of these strategies can also be employed.