Urbanization has opposite effects on the territory size of two passerine birds
Urbanization has opposite effects on the territory size of two passerine birds
复制标题
DOI：
10.1186/s40657-020-00198-6
复制
发表时间：
2020-04-28
期刊：
影响因子：
1.8
通讯作者：
Sandoval, Luis
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Juarez, Roselvy;Chacon-Madrigal, Eduardo;Sandoval, Luis
城市扩张已被确定为生物多样性变化或丧失的主要驱动力之一。对于鸟类来说，城市化与生存，繁殖成功和领土大小有关。了解不同的鸟类如何调整领土大小，以应对城市化是必不可少的，他们在城市环境中的保护，并更好地了解为什么一些物种消失，其他人坚持在这种条件下。我们评估了城市化对城市回避物种，白耳地麻雀（Melozone leucotis），和城市适应物种，家鹪鹩（Troglodytes aedon），在五个哥斯达黎加网站的领土大小的影响。方法对30只地麻雀和28只鹪鹩的领地进行了296 h的观测。我们连续两年每天跟踪每个人至少1小时，至少2天，并对他们的位置进行地理参考。领土的大小估计使用最小凸多边形方法。我们测量了区域内的城市表面（道路、建筑物、任何其他铺砌区域、足球场、草坪和有短草的花园）。结果高度城市化地区的地麻雀活动范围大于非城市化地区。鹪鹩领土在低城市化的网站比在高度城市化的网站。我们发现，城市表面和领土大小之间的正相关关系的地麻雀，但不是鹪鹩。结论我们的研究结果表明，并不是所有的鸟类调整领土的大小以同样的方式在城市化。我们发现，城市回避者可能需要在城市环境中捍卫更大的领土，以找到生存所需的所有资源，因为城市环境可能提供不足的资源，如食物或住所。另一方面，城市适应者在城市环境中捍卫较小的领土，因为即使是小领土也可以提供足够的资源。这些结果表明，新热带鸟类栖息在城市环境中发展的特定行为适应。
Background Urban expansion has been identified as one of the leading drivers of biodiversity change or loss. For birds, urbanization is specifically related to survival, breeding success, and territory size. Understanding how different birds adjust territory size in response to urbanization is essential for their conservation in urban environments and to better understand why some species are lost and others persist under this condition. We evaluated the effect of urbanization on the territory size of an urban avoider species, White-eared Ground-Sparrow (Melozone leucotis), and an urban adapter species, House Wren (Troglodytes aedon), at five Costa Rican sites. Methods We measured the size of 30 ground-sparrow and 28 wren territories using a total of 296 h of observation. We followed each individual for at least 1 h per day for at least 2 days of two consecutive years, and geo-referenced their locations. Territory size was estimated using the minimum convex polygon method. We measured the urban surfaces (roads, buildings, any other paved area, soccer fields, lawns, and gardens with short grass) within territories. Results Ground-sparrow territories were larger at the highly urbanized site than at the non-urbanized site. Wren territories were larger at the low urbanized site than at the highly urbanized site. We found a positive relationship between urban surface and territory size for the ground-sparrow, but not for the wren. Conclusions Our results showed that not all birds adjust territory size in the same way in response to urbanization. We showed that urban avoiders probably need to defend larger territories in urban environments to find all the resources required to survive because urban environments may provide insufficient resources such as food or shelter. Urban adapters on the other hand defend smaller territories in urban environments because even small territories may provide sufficient resources. These results suggest specific behavioral adaptations developed by Neotropical birds inhabiting urban environments.