Intracellular uptake, transport, and processing of gold nanostructures
Intracellular uptake, transport, and processing of gold nanostructures
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DOI：
10.3109/09687688.2010.507787
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发表时间：
2010-10-01
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Chithrani, Devika B.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Chithrani, Devika B.
新兴的纳米医学领域需要更好地理解纳米技术和医学之间的接口。对纳米生物界面的更好了解将导致更好的诊断成像和治疗工具。本文综述了纳米颗粒的大小、形状和表面性质如何影响纳米颗粒在细胞内的命运的研究进展。在这方面，金纳米结构被用作模型系统，因为它们的物理和化学性质可以很容易地操纵。NP的摄取依赖于细胞的理化性质，一旦进入细胞，大多数NP通过内切酶途径运输，随后在细胞膜上通过受体介导的内吞过程进行运输。在2-100 nm的尺寸范围内，直径为50 nm的金纳米颗粒(GNPs)显示出最高的吸收率。细胞对金纳米棒(GNRs)的摄取研究表明，随着GNRs长径比的增加，摄取率下降。理论模型支持大小和形状依赖的NP吸收。靶向NPs的细胞内转运速度快于非靶向NPs。纳米粒子的表面配体和电荷在其吸收、转运和细胞器分布中起着更大的作用。NPs的胞吐作用也依赖于大小和形状；然而，与内吞作用相比，这种趋势是不同的。GNP目前正被引入聚合物和脂类纳米颗粒中，以构建多功能设备。基于金纳米结构的多功能平台，具有多模式成像、靶向和治疗；拥有在医学研究中前景广阔的方向的可能性。
The emerging field of nanomedicine requires better understanding of the interface between nanotechnology and medicine. Better knowledge of the nano-bio interface will lead to better tools for diagnostic imaging and therapy. In this review, recent progress in understanding of how size, shape, and surface properties of nanoparticles (NPs) affect intracellular fate of NPs is discussed. Gold nanostructures are used as a model system in this regard since their physical and chemical properties can be easily manipulated. The NP-uptake is dependent on the physiochemical properties, and once in the cell, most of the NPs are trafficked via an endo-lysosomal path followed by a receptor-mediated endocytosis process at the cell membrane. Within the size range of 2-100 nm, Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) of diameter 50 nm demonstrate the highest uptake. Cellular uptake studies of gold nanorods (GNRs) show that there is a decrease in uptake as the aspect ratio of GNRs increases. Theoretical models support the size-and shape-dependent NP-uptake. The intracellular transport of targeted NPs is faster than untargeted NPs. The surface ligand and charge of NPs play a bigger role in their uptake, transport, and organelle distribution. Exocytosis of NPs is dependent on size and shape as well; however, the trend is different compared to endocytosis. GNPs are now being incorporated into polymer and lipid based NPs to build multifunctional devices. A multifunctional platform based on gold nanostructures, with multimodal imaging, targeting, and therapeutics; hold the possibility of promising directions in medical research.