Reproductive strategies of the raccoon dog and the red fox in Finland
Reproductive strategies of the raccoon dog and the red fox in Finland
复制标题
芬兰貉和红狐的繁殖策略
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
1996
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
K. Kauhala
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
K. Kauhala
1986-1995年在芬兰南部研究了浣熊(Gray，1834)和红狐秃鹫(Linneeus，1758)的繁殖策略。比较了产仔数和相对窝重、个体大小、种群状况和生态。在研究期间，虽然体型几乎相等，饮食相当相似，浣熊、狗和狐狸的种群也相当稳定，但窝大小和相对窝重有很大差异。浣熊平均产仔数为9.0窝，红狐为5.1窝。平均相对窝重：浣熊为18.3~24.0%，红狐为10.4~12.5%。因此，雌性浣熊能够比红狐在繁殖上投入相对更多的资金。这些物种的生态和行为有几个特征，可以解释不同的策略。首先，田鼠周期对红狐的繁殖有很强的影响，但对浣熊的产仔数只有一周的影响。其次，浣熊在严寒的冬天睡觉，雌性在繁殖季节处于良好状态，无论冬天的天气和食物供应如何。红狐总是在冬天活动，那时食物供应可能很少，在雪地里移动会耗费大量精力。杂食性、积累大量脂肪储备的能力和冬季休眠通过降低繁殖的相对成本，确保了浣熊雌性即使在波动的环境中也能保持良好的状态。第三，浣熊幼崽很容易成为其他捕食者的猎物，第一年的死亡率非常高。如果生育年龄之前的死亡率很高，并且与产仔大小无关，自然选择将有利于大产仔。赤狐的幼体死亡率较低，而且由于饥饿等原因，其幼体死亡率可能会在较大的窝中增加。
Reproductive strategies of the raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides (Gray, 1834) and the red fox Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) were studied in southern Finland in 1986-1995. Litter size and relative litter weight, body size, population status and ecology were compared. Although the body size is almost equal, diet rather similar and both raccoon dog and fox populations have been rather stable during the study period, the litter sizes and relative litter weights differ greatly. The mean litter size of the raccoon dog was 9.0 and that of the red fox 5.1. The mean relative litter weight was 18.3-24.0% for the raccoon dog and 10.4-12.5% for the red fox. Thus, raccoon dog females are able to invest relatively more in reproduction than the red fox. There are several features in the ecology and behaviour of these species which can explain the different strategies. First, vole cycles have a strong effect on red fox reproduction, but have only a week effect on the litter size of the raccoon dog. Second, the raccoon dog sleeps during harsh winters and females are in good condition in the breeding season regardless of the weather and food supply during the winter. The red fox is always active in winter when food availability may be low and moving in snow is energetically costly. Omnivory, the ability to accumulate large fat reserves and winter dormancy guarantee the good condition of raccoon dog females even in fluctuating environments by reducing the relative costs of reproduction. Third, raccoon dog pups are easy prey to other predators, and mortality during their first year is very high. If mortality rate before the reproductive age is high and independent of litter size, natural selection will favour large litters. Juvenile mortality among red foxes is lower, and it probably would increase in larger litters due to eg starvation.
父母照顾的演变
DOI：
10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199692576.003.0016
发表时间：
2012
期刊：
--
影响因子：
--
作者：
Kölliker M
通讯作者：
Kölliker M