Article 36: Review of AI Decision-Support Systems and Other Emerging Technologies of Warfare
Article 36: Review of AI Decision-Support Systems and Other Emerging Technologies of Warfare
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第三十六条：人工智能决策支持系统和其他新兴战争技术的审查
DOI：
10.1007/978-94-6265-491-4_6
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发表时间：
2022
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Klaudia Klonowska
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Klaudia Klonowska
人工智能（AI）决策支持系统对国家如何做出战争决策、进行敌对行动以及是否遵守国际人道法产生重大影响。决策支持系统即使不能自主执行目标，也可以在人机和机机决策基础设施的长链中发挥关键作用，从而助长了敌对行动的共同产生。由于缺乏对条约术语武器、作战手段或方法的定义，目前还不清楚非武器化的人工智能决策支持系统是否应该接受第一附加议定书第36条规定的法律的审查。除武器外，确定哪些物品应接受审查仍然是一项挑战，本章建议，根据以下四项标准，可以确定一个物品是否应接受法律的审查：㈠它对国际人道主义法的适用构成挑战; ㈡它是军事决策的组成部分; ㈢它对军事行动有重大影响;（iv）有助于关键的进攻能力。这四项标准来自对国家对武器、作战手段或方法等术语概念化的详细分析。如果一个物品符合所有四个标准，那么在没有仔细探讨合法性问题的情况下，就不应该部署它。通过对人工智能决策支持系统进行法律的审查，各国履行了在决策中遵守国际人道法的义务，并减少了战争中非法行为的风险。作者进一步推动第36条的概念化，作为对战争技术的审查。
Artificial intelligence (AI) decision-support systems significantly impact how States make warfare decisions, conduct hostilities, and whether they comply with international humanitarian law. Decision-support systems, even if they do not autonomously execute targets, can play a critical role in the long chain of human-machine and machine-machine decision-making infrastructure, thus contributing to the co-production of hostilities.Due to a lack of a definition of the treaty terms weapons, means or methods of warfare, it is unclear whether non-weaponized AI decision-support systems should be subjected to a legal review prescribed by Article 36 of the Additional Protocol I. It remains a challenge to determine exactly what should be subjected to review beyond weapons.This chapter suggests that based on the following four criteria it can be determined whether an item should be subjected to a legal review: (i) it poses a challenge to the application of international humanitarian law; (ii) it is integral to military decision-making; (iii) it has a significant impact on military operations; (iv) and it contributes to critical offensive capabilities. These four criteria are derived from a detailed analysis of the conceptualization of the terms weapons, means or methods of warfare by states. If an item meets all four criteria, it should not be deployed without the issue of legality being explored with care.By applying the legal review to AI decision-support systems, States fulfil the duty to observe international humanitarian law in decision-making and mitigate risks to unlawful conduct in warfare. The author further promotes the conceptualization of Article 36 as a review of technologies of warfare.