The ionospheric response over the UK to major bombing raids during World War II

The ionospheric response over the UK to major bombing raids during World War II
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二战期间英国上空对重大轰炸袭击的电离层反应

DOI：
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发表时间：
2018
期刊：
Annals of Geophysics
影响因子：
1
通讯作者：
P. Major
P. Major
中科院分区：
地球科学4区
文献类型：
--
作者：
C. Scott;P. Major

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抽象的。地球的电离层受到来自上方的干扰（通过太阳 变化性和空间天气影响）和来自下方（例如构造 活动、雷暴和平流层突然变暖）。识别 尽管最近，这些影响的相对贡献仍然具有挑战性 航天器监测近地空间的进展。人为爆炸 为自然陆地资源提供可量化的替代指标，使其能够 对电离层变化的影响有待研究。在本文中， 地基扰动对电离层变化的贡献是 通过考虑电离层 F2 层的响应进行研究 第二次世界大战期间，英国斯劳对欧洲进行了 152 次重大轰炸袭击，使用 叠加的时代分析。 F2 层的中值响应是 峰值电子浓度显着降低（~0.3 MHz 降低 在 foF2 中）。该响应与波浪能加热的情况一致 热层，提高 O+ 的（与温度相关的）损失率 离子。在两个时间段内对一系列阈值重复进行分析 轰炸前（中午）电离层测量和炸弹吨位 每次袭击都会掉落。发现显着 (∼2–3σ) 发生在大约之间的事件与平均值的偏差 中午电离层测量前 3 和 7 小时，并使用 至少 100 至 800 吨烈性炸药。最 20 次袭击发生了显着的电离层响应 (2.99σ) 电离层测量前 5 小时，每次至少 300 吨 炸药。为了确保观测到的电离层响应不能被 由于空间天气来源，分析仅限于那些 地磁 Ap 指数小于 48 (Kp<5) 的事件。早期电离层数据的数字化将使 研究附加电离层参数的响应 （零星的 E、E 和 F1 层高和峰值浓度）。一公吨 TNT的爆炸能量为4.184×109 J， 与云对地雷击的能量相同。自从 闪电的发生具有明显的昼夜和季节周期， 类似的机制可能有助于观察到的季节性 电离层 F 区电子浓度异常。更远 需要使用不太极端的例子进行调查以确定 产生可检测电离层所需的最小爆炸能量 回复。
Abstract. The Earth's ionosphere is subject to disturbance from above (via solar variability and space-weather effects) and from below (such as tectonic activity, thunderstorms and sudden stratospheric warmings). Identifying the relative contribution of these effects remains challenging, despite recent advances in spacecraft monitoring near-Earth space. Man-made explosions provide a quantifiable proxy for natural terrestrial sources, enabling their impact on ionospheric variability to be studied. In this paper, the contribution of ground-based disturbances to ionospheric variability is investigated by considering the response of the ionospheric F2 layer over Slough, UK, to 152 major bombing raids over Europe during World War II, using a superposed epoch analysis. The median response of the F2 layer is a significant decrease in peak electron concentration (∼0.3 MHz decrease in foF2). This response is consistent with wave energy heating the thermosphere, enhancing the (temperature-dependent) loss rate of O+ ions. The analysis was repeated for a range of thresholds in both time of bombing before the (noon) ionospheric measurement and tonnage of bombs dropped per raid. It was found that significant (∼2–3σ) deviations from the mean occurred for events occurring between approximately 3 and 7 h ahead of the noon ionospheric measurements and for raids using a minimum of between 100 and 800 t of high explosives. The most significant ionospheric response (2.99σ) occurred for 20 raids up to 5 h before the ionospheric measurement, each with a minimum of 300 t of explosives. To ensure that the observed ionospheric response cannot be attributable to space-weather sources, the analysis was restricted to those events for which the geomagnetic Ap index was less than 48 (Kp<5). Digitisation of the early ionospheric data would enable the investigation into the response of additional ionospheric parameters (sporadic E, E and F1 layer heights and peak concentrations). One metric ton of TNT has an explosive energy of 4.184×109 J, which is of the same order of energy as a cloud to ground lightning stroke. Since the occurrence of lightning has distinctive diurnal and seasonal cycles, it is feasible that a similar mechanism could contribute to the observed seasonal anomaly in ionospheric F-region electron concentrations. Further investigation, using less extreme examples, is required to determine the minimum explosive energy required to generate a detectable ionospheric response.