The calculus of the record: Criminal history in the making of US Federal Sentencing Guidelines
The calculus of the record: Criminal history in the making of US Federal Sentencing Guidelines
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记录的计算：美国联邦量刑指南制定中的犯罪历史
DOI：
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发表时间：
2016
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Alyse Bertenthal
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作者：
Mona Lynch;Alyse Bertenthal
20世纪80年代，美国量刑委员会制定了《联邦量刑指南》，该指南似乎将风险管理从个体化转向综合、合理化，这种风险管理在世纪后期表面上占据主导地位。在这篇文章中，我们通过Harcourt（2007）的论点来挑战这一假设，该论点认为，刑罚精算学是作为个体化项目的一部分而不是作为对个体化项目的否定而出现的。我们追溯了“犯罪历史”是如何成为准则公式中捕捉被告特征的主要模式的，并描述时间如何成为量化单位，将犯罪历史转化为当前罪责的顺序度量。我们从这个案例研究中得出三个教训：关于旧的实践和逻辑的持久性;关于个人刑事主体如何在像联邦准则系统这样的量刑制度中生存;关于时间和历史的度量作为了解司法主体的方式。
The Federal Sentencing Guidelines, developed by the United States Sentencing Commission in the 1980s, appear to exemplify the turn from individualization toward aggregated, rationalized risk management that ostensibly became hegemonic in the late 20th century. In this article, we challenge that presumption by building on Harcourt’s (2007) argument that penal actuarialism emerged as part of the individualization project rather than as a repudiation of it. We trace how ‘criminal history’ came to be the primary mode for capturing defendant characteristics in the Guidelines formula, and delineate how time became the unit of quantification to transform criminal history into ordinal measures of current culpability. We draw three lessons from this case study: about the durability of old practices and logics; about how the individual penal subject lives on in sentencing regimes like the federal Guidelines system; and about the metrics of time and history as ways of knowing the juridical subject.