First Contact between Ya'qūb Beg and the Qing―The Diplomatic Correspondence of 1871
First Contact between Ya'qūb Beg and the Qing―The Diplomatic Correspondence of 1871
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雅古柏与清朝的首次接触——1871年的外交信函
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发表时间：
2012
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
T. Onuma
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作者：
Yasushi Shinmen;T. Onuma
台北故宫博物院的藏品包括一封1871年初由Ya‘qūb Beg(1820？-77)寄给清朝的突厥语信件，他在19世纪末建立了对新疆绿洲城市的政治统治。在这里，我们介绍这份突厥语文件，并考虑当时Ya‘Qūb Beg的活动和意图。本文旨在揭示雅Qūb Beg与清朝交往的新事实。1870年，Ya‘Qūb Beg远征吐鲁番和乌鲁木齐，并向东扩展他的领土。在这场战役中，Ya‘Qūb Beg释放并归还了被吐鲁番和乌鲁木齐抓获的清朝官员，并将这封信寄给了清朝。一封信仔细解释了他对新疆的征服和统治是如何合法的；他的行为被合理化为上帝的旨意，因此超出了人类的智力。从这封信中，我们欣赏Ya‘Qūb Beg希望清朝承认他的统治是一个既成事实的愿望。清朝哈密当局立即以《训诫书》回信，明确表示新疆是清朝“王朝领地”的一部分。与此同时，当局不仅开始探索与当地中国民兵合作的可能性，还开始与通甘族合作，以防御Ya‘Qūb Beg。在《警告信》到达之前，YA‘Qūb Beg已向西进军吐鲁番。可以推测，与俄罗斯的关系深深地影响了这一行动。结果，1871年初Ya‘qūb Beg与清朝之间的第一次接触就胎死腹中。然而，考虑到1877年伦敦谈判的内容，值得注意的是，Ya‘Qūb Beg和清朝都坚持自己在彼此逻辑基础上统治新疆的合法性。
e collection of the National Palace Museum in Taipei includes a Turkic letter sent to the Qing Dynasty in early 1871 by Ya‘qūb Beg (1820?–77), who established a political regime over the oasis cities of Xinjiang in the late 19th century. Here we introduce this Turkic document and consider the activities and intentions of Ya‘qūb Beg at that time. e aim of this paper is to reveal new facts about contacts between Ya‘qūb Beg and the Qing Dynasty. In 1870, Ya‘qūb Beg went on an expedition to Turfan and Urumchi and extended his territory to the east. During this campaign, Ya‘qūb Beg released and returned the Qing officials captured in Turfan and Urumchi by the Tungans and sent this letter to the Qing. e letter carefully explains how his conquest and rule of Xinjiang were legitimate; his actions were rationalized as the will of God and thus beyond human intellect. From the letter, we appreciate Ya‘qūb Beg’s desire to have the Qing acknowledge that his rule was an accomplished fact. The Qing authorities in Hami immediately replied with the “Letter of Admonition,” in which clearly states that Xinjiang was part of the Qing’s “dynastic territory.” At the same time, the authorities began to explore possibilities for cooperation not only with the local Chinese militias, but also with the Tungans for defense against Ya‘qūb Beg. Ya‘qūb Beg had le Turfan for the west before the “Letter of Admonition” arrived. It can be surmised that the relationship with Russia deeply infl uenced this action. As a result, the fi rst contacts made between Ya‘qūb Beg and the Qing in early 1871 were stillborn. However, keeping in mind the content of the 1877 negotiations in London, it is noteworthy that both Ya‘qūb Beg and the Qing insisted on their legitimacy to rule Xinjiang on the basis of each other’s logic.