Post hoc Bayesian model selection.

Post hoc Bayesian model selection.
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DOI:
10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.03.062
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发表时间:
2011-06-15
期刊:
影响因子:
5.7
通讯作者:
Penny, Will
Penny, Will
中科院分区:
医学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Friston, Karl J.;Penny, Will

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本说明描述了一个贝叶斯模型选择或优化过程的事后推理约减少版本的完整模型。该计划提供的证据(边际似然)的任何减少模型作为后验密度的函数在整个模型的参数。它依赖于通过先验参数指定模型,假设所有考虑的模型的可能性保持不变。这提供了一种快速有效的方案,用于在反转单个(完整)模型后对任意数量的模型进行评分。反过来,这使得能够在通过自由参数的存在或不存在来区分的离散模型中进行选择,其中使用非常精确的收缩先验从模型中有效地去除自由参数。这种事后模型选择的替代应用考虑连续模型空间,其根据模型参数上的先验密度的超参数(充分统计)来定义。在这种情况下,先验(模型)可以相对于其证据进行优化。在后验密度的拉普拉斯(高斯)近似下,模型证据的表达式变得非常简单。该方案的特殊情况下,包括Savage-Dickey密度比测试减少模型和自动相关性确定模型优化。我们说明了使用一般的线性模型和更复杂的非线性状态空间模型的方法。
This note describes a Bayesian model selection or optimization procedure for post hoc inferences about reduced versions of a full model. The scheme provides the evidence (marginal likelihood) for any reduced model as a function of the posterior density over the parameters of the full model. It rests upon specifying models through priors on their parameters, under the assumption that the likelihood remains the same for all models considered. This provides a quick and efficient scheme for scoring arbitrarily large numbers of models, after inverting a single (full) model. In turn, this enables the selection among discrete models that are distinguished by the presence or absence of free parameters, where free parameters are effectively removed from the model using very precise shrinkage priors. An alternative application of this post hoc model selection considers continuous model spaces, defined in terms of hyperparameters (sufficient statistics) of the prior density over model parameters. In this instance, the prior (model) can be optimized with respect to its evidence. The expressions for model evidence become remarkably simple under the Laplace (Gaussian) approximation to the posterior density. Special cases of this scheme include Savage–Dickey density ratio tests for reduced models and automatic relevance determination in model optimization. We illustrate the approach using general linear models and a more complicated nonlinear state-space model.
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