Segregation and Mistrust: Diversity, Isolation, and Social Cohesion
Segregation and Mistrust: Diversity, Isolation, and Social Cohesion
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隔离和不信任：多样性、孤立性和社会凝聚力
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发表时间：
2012
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
E. Uslaner
中科院分区：
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作者：
E. Uslaner
剑桥大学出版社的一本正在进行中的书)认为，多样性并不会降低信任，但居住隔离确实会减少信任和利他主义行为。集中的少数群体更有可能形成一种强烈的认同感，取代国家认同感(信任与自己不同的人)，并建立增强这种分离感的地方机构和政治机构。地理上的孤立可能会以牺牲更大的社会为代价，滋生群体内的身份认同。种族隔离还可能导致少数群体更大的政治组织，随着他们在公民中所占份额的增加，少数群体可以建立自己的权力基础，以对抗由多数群体主导的政治组织。在不同的环境中，我发现支持种族隔离和信任之间的联系要比支持多样性和信任强得多。正如我在《尤斯兰纳》(2002)中所说，信任是有后果的，最显著的是利他主义行为。我不仅考虑了信任的根源，还考虑了多样性和种族隔离是如何影响志愿服务和慈善事业的。我使用的数据来自美国的全国调查，包括白人、非裔美国人和拉丁裔，以及英国、瑞典和加拿大的数据。我还使用最近开发的住宅隔离衡量标准，使用美国城市的汇总数据来估计模型，以支持我的理论主张，即隔离创造了应该导致信任度降低的条件。最后，我考虑了种族隔离如何导致更少的利他主义行为--或者主要有利于自己所在群体的利他主义行为。然而，种族隔离并不是外源性的：白人通常更喜欢住在白人社区。少数族裔可能更喜欢住在混合社区，但他们经常在住房方面面临歧视，以及白人根本不愿生活在他们中间。更信任的白人更倾向于生活在一体化社区--因此，信任和种族隔离之间联系的方向可能不那么明确，这可能会限制一体化社区对信任的影响。
Book in progress under contract to Cambridge University Press) arguing that diversity does not drive down trust, but that residential segregation does reduce both trust and altruistic behavior. Concentrated minorities are more likely to develop a strong identity that supercedes a national sense of identification (trust in people who are different from oneself) and to build local institutions and political bodies that enhance this sense of separateness. Geographical isolation may breed in-group identity at the expense of the larger society. Segregation may also lead to greater political organization by minority groups, which can establish their own power bases in opposition to the political organizations dominated by the majority group as their share of the citizenry grows. In diverse settings I find support for a far stronger linkage between segregation and trust than for diversity and trust. And trust has consequences, as I argued in Uslaner (2002), most notably altruistic deeds. I consider not only the roots of trust, but also how diversity and segregation shape volunteering and giving to charity. I employ data from national surveys in the United States, among whites, African-Americans, and Latinos, as well as from the United Kingdom and Sweden, and Canada. I also estimate models using aggregate data from American cities using recently developed measures of residential segregation to support my theoretical claim that segregation creates conditions that should lead to lower trust. Finally, I consider how segregation might lead to either fewer altruistic acts – or to altruistic behavior primarily benefitting one’s own in-group. Segregation, however, is not exogenous: Whites generally prefer to live in white neighborhoods. Minorities may prefer to live in mixed neighborhoods, but often face discrimination in housing and the simple reluctance of whites to live among them. Whites who are more trusting are more likely to favor living in integrated neighborhoods – so the direction of the linkage between trust and segregation may not be so clear, perhaps limiting the impact of integrated neighborhoods on trust.