Survival and Transport of Enteric Viruses in the Environment
Survival and Transport of Enteric Viruses in the Environment
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DOI：
10.1007/0-387-29251-9_6
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发表时间：
2006
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Abad FX
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Bosch A;Pintó RM;Abad FX
环境病毒学可以被定义为研究可通过各种环境(水、污水、土壤、空气或表面)或食物传播的病毒，并在这些载体上持续存在，以表示对健康的威胁。人类和动物的排泄物和尿液中可能存在多种不同的病毒，它们代表了动物病毒的大多数家族。尤其重要的是各种无包膜的人和动物肠道致病病毒，这些病毒可通过从受感染者排出的废物进入环境；污染食品、饮用水和娱乐用水；并可传播回易感人群以继续感染循环(表6.1)。据估计，全世界每年发生数十亿例胃肠道疾病(Parashar等人，1998年；oh等人，2003年)。这些腹泻病例中的很大一部分在某种程度上是粪便污染环境的结果(Cabelli等人，1982；Koopman等人，1982；Fattal和Shuval，；Moore等人，1994)，而甲型和戊型肝炎的暴发与水、贝类和农作物有关(Melnick，1957；Reid和Robinson，1987；Halliday等人，1991；Bosch等人，1991,2001)。环境样本中存在的许多非人类动物病毒对人类健康的意义尚不为人所知，其中许多病毒仍不确定或未知。然而，值得注意的是，感染人类的人畜共患病病毒继续被发现或似乎再次成为重要的人类病原体。新出现疾病的一个例子是2002年11月报告的严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)(Ksiazek等人，2003年)。SARS冠状病毒的主要传播方式似乎是与传染性呼吸道飞沫直接接触粘膜和/或通过接触混合病毒。已知有几种冠状病毒通过粪便-口腔途径传播，但目前没有证据表明这种传播方式在SARS的传播中发挥关键作用，尽管这种病毒在粪便中大量脱落(曾，2003)。作为一门科学学科，环境病毒学是在1955年12月至1956年1月新德里爆发大规模肝炎后诞生的。疫情的起因是污染，当时疫情被认为是甲型肝炎，但现在被确认为戊型肝炎
Environmental virology may be defined as the study of viruses that can be transmitted through various environments (water, sewage, soil, air, or surfaces) or food and persist enough in these vehicles to represent a health threat. A wide variety of different viruses, representing most of the families of animal viruses, can be present in human and animal fecal wastes and urine. Especially important are a variety of nonenveloped human and animal enteric pathogenic viruses that can enter the environment through the discharge of waste materials from infected individuals; contaminate food products and drinking and recreational waters; and be transmitted back to susceptible individuals to continue the cycle of infection (Table 6.1). It is estimated that billions of cases of gastrointestinal illness occur annually worldwide (Parashar et al., 1998; Oh et al., 2003). A good deal of these diarrheal cases are to some extent the result of fecal contamination of the environment (Cabelli et al., 1982; Koopman et al., 1982; Fattal and Shuval, 1989; Moore et al., 1994) while outbreaks of hepatitis A and E are associated with water, shellfish, and crops (Melnick, 1957; Reid and Robinson, 1987; Halliday et al., 1991; Bosch et al., 1991, 2001). The significance to human health of many of the non-human animal viruses present in environmental samples is less well understood and remains uncertain or unknown for many of them. It is remarkable, however, that zoonotic viruses infecting humans continue to be discovered or appear to reemerge as important human pathogens. One example of an emerging disease is severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS, reported in November 2002 (Ksiazek et al., 2003). The primary mode of transmission of the SARS coronavirus appears to be direct mucous membrane contact with infectious respiratory droplets and/or through exposure to fomites. Several coronaviruses are known to spread by the fecal-oral route, but there is no current evidence that this mode of transmission plays a key role in the transmission of SARS, although there is a considerable shedding of the virus in stools (Tsang, 2003).As a scientific discipline, environmental virology was born after a large hepatitis outbreak occurred in New Delhi between December 1955 and January 1956. The origin of the outbreak, which was attributed to hepatitis A at the time but now confirmed to be hepatitis E, was the contamination