Coordination of care is facilitated by delayed feeding and collective arrivals in the long-tailed tit
Coordination of care is facilitated by delayed feeding and collective arrivals in the long-tailed tit
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DOI：
10.1016/j.anbehav.2023.04.005
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发表时间：
2023-05-10
期刊：
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Hatchwell，Ben J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Halliwell，Chay;Beckerman，Andrew P.;Hatchwell，Ben J.
重点父母的照料费用高昂，因此照料者必须就相关工作进行协商，从而导致冲突。（交替和同步）可以解决这一冲突。交替是积极促进最后一个照顾者喂养延迟喂养。同步是促进集体到来，也许表明群体觅食。照顾者回来，虽然不一定喂，在地位依赖的顺序。当多个照顾者投资于一个共享的育雏，个人之间可能会对每个护理人员的投资额产生冲突。这种冲突导致投资不理想，损害了所有照料者的利益。有人提出，有条件的合作，即“轮流”或“交替”，可以解决这一冲突，防止剥削。这一有争议的观点得到了一些经验的支持，但区分主动交替和通过被动过程预期的交替被证明是具有挑战性的。本研究的目的是使用详细的观察供应，以检查是否照顾者在双亲（父母只）和合作（父母和帮手）巢的长尾山雀，Aegithalos尾，行为的上下文依赖的方式，增加了水平的交替。首先，我们表明，照顾者一直在等待附近的巢（游荡）喂养之前，当他们下一次到达的巢，并允许其他人先喂养，从而促进交替。其次，我们发现，照顾者到达巢穴附近及其随后的饲料是紧密同步的，重叠的游荡期，使他们能够监测其他照顾者的努力。最后，我们表明，协调措施的影响照顾者到达的地位依赖的顺序，繁殖女性始终到达第一和助手。总之，这些结果显示了长尾山雀的交替和同步模式是如何出现的，并揭示了支持护理协调的行为机制。
HighlightsParental care is costly so carers must negotiate relative effort, causing conflict.Coordination of care (alternation and synchrony) may resolve this conflict.Alternation is actively facilitated by the last carer to feed delaying feeding.Synchrony is facilitated by collective arrivals, perhaps indicating group foraging.Carers arrive back, although do not necessarily feed, in status-dependent orders.When multiple carers invest in a shared brood, there is likely to be conflict among individuals over how much each carer invests. This conflict results in suboptimal investment to the detriment of all carers. It has been proposed that conditional cooperation, that is,‘turn taking’or ‘alternation’, may resolve this conflict by preventing exploitation. This contentious idea has received some empirical support, but distinguishing active alternation from that expected via passive processes has proved challenging. The aim of this study was to use detailed observations of provisioning to examine whether carers at biparental (parents only) and cooperative (parents and helpers) nests of the long-tailed tit, Aegithalos caudatus, behave in a context-dependent manner that increases the level of alternation. First, we show that carers that had been the last to feed waited near the nest (loitering) for longer before feeding when they next arrived at the nest and allowed others to feed first, thus facilitating alternation. Second, we found that the arrival of carers near the nest and their subsequent feeds were tightly synchronized, with overlapping loitering periods, allowing them to monitor the effort of other carers. Finally, we show that measures of coordination were influenced by carers arriving in a status-dependent order, with breeding females consistently arriving first and helpers last. Together, these results show how patterns of alternation and synchrony arise in long-tailed tits, and reveal the behavioural mechanisms underpinning coordination of care.