Estimating economic unfairness in Japan and policies toward fairness
Estimating economic unfairness in Japan and policies toward fairness
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日本经济不公平的评估和公平政策
DOI：
10.1007/s42495-021-00070-5
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发表时间：
2021
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Sakoda Sayaka
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Shimamoto Daichi;Todo Yasuyuki;Kim Yu Ri;Matous Petr;Sakoda Sayaka
税前收入受个人无法控制的非责任因素和个人无法控制的责任因素的影响；它们可以被定义为“情境”和“努力”的贵重物品。如果税前收入的减少是由于不能归因于个人的因素造成的，这种减少应该得到社会补偿。这种争论被称为“责任敏感的平等主义理论”，它已被应用于经济学的实证分析，以确定不平等的原因。在日本，男女之间的工资差距已经存在很长时间了；然而，性别变量很少被考虑。基于“负责任的平等主义理论”，我们使用日本社区生活条件调查（2010-2013）的面板数据来估计不平等，重点关注(1)性别和(2)年龄。本文进行了三方面的分析：首先，利用面板数据估算劳动收入，考察情景变量和努力变量的影响。其次，通过使用结果来估计公平收入，本文考虑了性别、地区差异和教育成就的差异。当我们显示当前年龄组的公平收入差异时，我们发现男性和女性之间的公平收入存在差异，而女性从公平收入到当前收入的偏差更大。最后，通过构建基于差异的洛伦兹曲线，似乎不公平的类型因性别而异。
Pre-tax income is affected by non-responsibility factors beyond an individual’s control and responsibility factors beyond an individual’s control; they could be defined as “situational” and “effort” valuables. If decreased pre-tax income derives from factors not attributable to individuals, such decline should be socially compensated. This debate is known as “responsibility-sensitive egalitarian theory”, which has been applied to empirical analysis in economics to identify causes of inequality. A wage gap between men and women has been observed in Japan for a long time; however, the gender variable has rarely been considered. Based on the “responsible egalitarian theory”, we estimate inequality using panel data from the Japanese Community Survey of Living Conditions (2010–2013), focusing on (1) gender and (2) age. This paper conduct three analyses: firstly, this paper estimate labour income using the panel data and examine the effects of situational and effort variables. Secondly, this paper considers how gender, regional differences, and educational achievement differ by using the results to estimate fair income. When we show the fair income difference in terms of the current age group, we find a difference in fair income between men and women and that the deviation from fair income to current income is more considerable for women. Lastly, by constructing a differenced based Lorenz curve, it seems that the type of unfairness differs by gender.