Environmental Sustainability of Mixed Cation Perovskite Materials in Photovoltaics Manufacturing
Environmental Sustainability of Mixed Cation Perovskite Materials in Photovoltaics Manufacturing
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DOI：
10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c05619
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发表时间：
2020-11-09
影响因子：
8.4
通讯作者：
Baxter, Jason B.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Khalifa, Sherif A.;Spatari, Sabrina;Baxter, Jason B.
卤化铅钙钛矿光伏电池的效率已提高到25%，在未来1-3年内有望实现商业化。使用混合阳离子钙钛矿吸收层(如铯/甲基铵/甲醛碘化铅(Cs(x)MA(y)FA（1-x-y)PbI(3)）的设备具有高效率和长使用寿命的最佳组合。然而，在选择用于商业化的组合物时，也应考虑钙钛矿前体供应链的相关环境负担。先前基于实验室规模数据的文献报道了FA特别高的环境负担，并警告不要使用这些性能最高的薄膜成分。在这里，我们报告了一项使用生命周期评估方法对用于形成混合阳离子钙钛矿薄膜的常见前体盐的环境影响的综合研究。我们使用了更新的数据源、工艺放大概念和敏感性分析来构建钙钛矿前体的商业规模生命周期库存模型，该模型可以通过更透明和强大的环境分析为工业制造选择提供信息。我们的研究结果表明，基于过程的气候变化，累积能量需求和CsI， MAI和FAI的人类毒性影响彼此相似，并导致摩尔基础上的碘化物（PbI2）盐。目前的铯供应似乎足以在不久的将来部署钙钛矿。此外，考虑到每个模块面积所需的量，钙钛矿前驱体的影响比玻璃的影响小1000倍。因此，钙钛矿成分的选择可以基于光伏效率和运行稳定性，而不受环境影响的额外约束。
Efficiencies of lead halide perovskite photovoltaics have increased to 25%, putting them on track for commercialization within the next 1-3 years. Devices exhibiting the best combination of high efficiency and long operational lifetimes have used mixed cation perovskite absorber layers such as cesium/methylammonium/formami dinium lead iodide (Cs(x)MA(y)FA(1-x-y)PbI(3)). However, the associated environmental burdens of the supply chains of perovskite precursors should also be considered when selecting compositions for commercialization. Prior literature based on laboratory-scale data reported a particularly high environmental burden for FA and warned against using these highest-performing film compositions. Here, we report a comprehensive study of the environmental impacts of common precursor salts used to form mixed cation perovskite films, using a life cycle assessment approach. We have used updated data sources, process scale-up concepts, and sensitivity analysis to build commercial-scale life cycle inventory models for perovskite precursors that can inform industrial manufacturing choices with more transparent and robust environmental analysis. Our results indicate that the process-based climate change, cumulative energy demand, and human toxicity impacts of CsI, MAI, and FAI are similar to each other and lead to iodide (PbI2) salts on a molar basis. The current cesium supply appears sufficient for near-future perovskite deployment. Additionally, the impacts of the perovskite precursors are similar to 1000-fold smaller than those of glass when considering amounts needed per module area. Therefore, selection of perovskite composition can be based on PV efficiency and operational stability, without additional constraints of environmental impact.