Keeping track of 'alternative facts': The neural correlates of processing misinformation corrections
Keeping track of 'alternative facts': The neural correlates of processing misinformation corrections
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DOI：
10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.03.014
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发表时间：
2019-06-01
期刊：
影响因子：
5.7
通讯作者：
Lewandowsky, Stephan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gordon, Andrew;Quadflieg, Susanne;Lewandowsky, Stephan
在接受纠正后，最初呈现的错误信息通常会继续影响人们的判断和推理。一些研究者认为，这种所谓的错误信息持续影响效应（CIEM）仅仅是由于对纠正性声明的编码和整合不足而产生的，而另一些研究者则认为它是由于记忆中正确信息和最初错误信息之间的竞争而产生的。为了检验这些可能性，我们进行了两项功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）研究。在每项研究中，参与者被要求（a）阅读一系列简短的新闻报道，其中包含对先前信息的确认或更正;（B）评估随后呈现的记忆探针是否与报道的正确事实相匹配，而不是最初的错误信息。这两项研究都表明，在包含纠正的新闻报道之后，参与者很难反驳不匹配的记忆探针，特别是当他们提到最初的错误信息时（而不是将探针与新信息相匹配）。然而，我们发现很少有证据表明，确认和纠正的编码产生了系统的神经处理差异，表明不同的编码策略。相反，我们发现，纠正后，参与者表现出增加的活动，在左侧角回和双边楔前叶响应不匹配的记忆探针，包含以前的错误信息，相比，新的不匹配探针。这些发现支持这样一种观点，即人们对CIEM的易感性来自于同时保留正确和不正确的信息。
Upon receiving a correction, initially presented misinformation often continues to influence people's judgment and reasoning. Whereas some researchers believe that this so-called continued influence effect of misinformation (CIEM) simply arises from the insufficient encoding and integration of corrective claims, others assume that it arises from a competition between the correct information and the initial misinformation in memory. To examine these possibilities, we conducted two functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. In each study, participants were asked to (a) read a series of brief news reports that contained confirmations or corrections of prior information and (b) evaluate whether subsequently presented memory probes matched the reports' correct facts rather than the initial misinformation. Both studies revealed that following correction-containing news reports, participants struggled to refute mismatching memory probes, especially when they referred to initial misinformation (as opposed to mismatching probes with novel information). We found little evidence, however, that the encoding of confirmations and corrections produced systematic neural processing differences indicative of distinct encoding strategies. Instead, we discovered that following corrections, participants exhibited increased activity in the left angular gyrus and the bilateral precuneus in response to mismatching memory probes that contained prior misinformation, compared to novel mismatch probes. These findings favour the notion that people's susceptibility to the CIEM arises from the concurrent retention of both correct and incorrect information in memory.