The harbour of Elaia: A palynological archive for human environmental interactions during the last 7500 years
The harbour of Elaia: A palynological archive for human environmental interactions during the last 7500 years
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DOI：
10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.07.014
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发表时间：
2016-10
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
L. Shumilovskikh;M. Seeliger;S. Feuser;E. Novenko;F. Schlütz;A. Pint;F. Pirson;H. Brückner
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
L. Shumilovskikh;M. Seeliger;S. Feuser;E. Novenko;F. Schlütz;A. Pint;F. Pirson;H. Brückner
使用地质考古方法对古代佩加蒙（土耳其西部）的港口城市埃莱亚进行了调查。埃莱亚的兴衰与佩加蒙的繁荣时期密切相关，佩加蒙在希腊化时代统治着今天土耳其西部的大片地区。在这项研究的框架内，对从城市封闭港口取回的 9 m 沉积岩芯 Ela-70 进行了孢粉学分析，以重建更广泛的埃莱亚湾地区的植被和环境历史。年龄深度模型基于从 7.5 ka BP 开始的 11 个校准放射性碳年龄，为希腊化时期及其前后沉积物的高分辨率研究提供了基础。花粉图下部的特点是落叶橡树和松树比例较高，表明靠近取芯地点的开阔森林占主导地位。从橡树林到种植橄榄、开心果、核桃和葡萄的文化景观的转变始于公元前 850 年左右，在公元前 850 年左右达到顶峰。公元前 250 年，一直持续到约公元前 250 年。公元800年。这一时期的特点是火灾活动增加、土壤侵蚀强度增加和畜牧业发展。这种长期的集约化土地利用可能导致生态系统从开放的落叶橡树林到松树林的更替，同时盐沼在取芯地点周围发展。在埃莱亚港发现的黑海特有物种Peridiniumponticum的甲藻包囊证明了爱琴海和黑海之间的海上贸易；它的第一次发生恰逢米特拉达梯战争（公元前一世纪）。总之，除了历史和考古记录之外，孢粉学数据还提供了对人类环境相互作用的更深入的了解，这些数据来自埃莱亚港的地质考古档案。
Elaia, the harbour city for ancient Pergamon (western Turkey), was investigated using geoarchaeological methods. The rise and fall of Elaia were closely linked to the flourishing period of Pergamon, which ruled wide parts of today's western Turkey in Hellenistic times. In the framework of this research, the palynological analysis of a 9 m sediment core, Ela-70, retrieved from the enclosed harbour of the city, was carried out to reconstruct the vegetation and environmental history of the wider Gulf of Elaia region. An age-depth model, based on 11 calibrated radiocarbon ages, starting from 7.5 ka BP, provides the basis for the high resolution study of sediments from the Hellenistic period, as well as before and after. The lower part of the pollen diagram is characterised by high percentages of deciduous oaks and pines, suggesting the dominance of open forests close to the coring site. The change from oak forests to a cultural landscape, with olive, pistachio, walnut, and grape, started around 850 BC, reaching a maximum ca. 250 BC, and continuing to ca. AD 800. This period is characterised by increase of fire activity, soil erosion intensity, and pastoral farming. Such long-lasting intensive land use likely led to the climax ecosystem turnover from open deciduous oak forests to pine stands, while salt marshes developed around the coring site. The discovery of the dinoflagellate cysts ofPeridiniumponticum, a Black Sea endemic species, in the harbour of Elaia evidences maritime trade between the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea; its first occurrence coincides with the time of the Mithridatic Wars (1st century BC). In conclusion, palynological data, in addition to historical and archaeological records, provide a deeper insight into human environmental interactions, as derived from the geoarchaeological archive of the harbour of Elaia.