THE ACCIDENT AT THE FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI NUCLEAR POWER PLANT IN 2011
THE ACCIDENT AT THE FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI NUCLEAR POWER PLANT IN 2011
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DOI：
10.1097/hp.0000000000000093
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发表时间：
2014-06-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
Akashi, Makoto
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Tominaga, Takako;Hachiya, Misao;Akashi, Makoto
2011年3月11日，日本主岛东北海岸发生大地震，引发海啸，超过10米高的巨浪袭击了该地区。地震之后接踵而至的是多次持续的余震。地震和余震造成近16000人死亡，2800多人失踪(截至2014年3月11日)。地震影响了东京电力公司(东京电力公司)的福岛第一核电站(NPP)，对该核电站造成了严重破坏，导致大量放射性物质不仅被释放到受控区域，还被释放到环境中。核电站的冷却系统遭到破坏，尽管它们在地震后自动关闭。冷却系统的故障导致氢气爆炸和堆芯熔毁。陆上释放的主要核素是I-131、Cs-134和Cs-137。这些放射性物质的释放导致第一反应人员和工作人员受到污染，核电厂周围的环境辐射剂量也很高。当地的医院系统，包括辐射急救系统，已经失灵。被指定为辐射应急设施的医院无法运作，因为地震和海啸对其设施造成了破坏；其中一些医院位于核电站半径20公里范围内和疏散区。当地消防部门人员也被命令疏散。福岛县将去污所需的筛查级别从13,000每立方米改为100,000每立方米，超过13,000每立方米进行擦拭去污。然而，由于医院和消防部门在接收或运送受污染患者时必须遵守低于县的水平，这些人员不能接收或运送来自核电站的受污染人员。此外，由于担心辐射对健康的影响，未被指定为辐射紧急设施的医院将不会接收来自核电站的患者。从这场灾难中，人们了解到关于辐射及其影响的基本知识对卫生保健提供者来说极其重要。
A huge earthquake struck the northeast coast of the main island of Japan on 11 March 2011, triggering a tsunami with more than 10-m-high waves hitting the area. The earthquake was followed by numerous sustained aftershocks. The earthquake and aftershocks left almost 16,000 people dead and more than 2,800 missing (as of 11 March 2014). The earthquake affected the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) of Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO), causing serious damage to the NPP and resulting in large amounts of radioactive materials being released into not only controlled areas but also the environment. Damage was caused to the cooling systems of the NPP, although they automatically shut down after the earthquake. The trouble with the cooling systems led to hydrogen explosions and core meltdown. The major nuclides released on land were I-131, Cs-134, and Cs-137. The release of these radioactive materials resulted in contamination of first responders and workers and also a high ambient dose of radiation around the NPP. The local hospital system, including that for radiation emergency medicine, was dysfunctional. Hospitals that had been designated as radiation emergency facilities were not able to function because the earthquake and tsunami had caused damage to their facilities; some of these were located within a 20-km radius of the NPP and in the evacuation areas. Local fire department personnel were also ordered to evacuate. Fukushima prefecture changed the screening level required for decontamination from 13,000 to 100,000 cpm, with decontamination by wiping being performed for over 13,000 cpm. However, as hospitals and fire departments had to abide by lower levels than that of the prefecture for receiving or transporting contaminated patients, these personnel could not accept or transport contaminated people from the NPPs. In addition, hospitals not designated as radiation emergency facilities would not receive patients from the NPPs because of concerns about the health effects of radiation. From this disaster, it was learned that basic knowledge of radiation and its effects is extremely important for health care providers.