No More Foreigners? The Remaking of German Naturalization and Citizenship Law, 1990–2000
No More Foreigners? The Remaking of German Naturalization
and Citizenship Law, 1990–2000
复制标题
不再有外国人？德国入籍和公民身份法的重新制定，1990 年至 2000 年
DOI：
10.1007/s10624-005-1544-4
复制
发表时间：
2005
影响因子：
1.1
通讯作者：
M. Anil
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Anil
自1990年代初以来，德国一直在采取有争议的政策措施，这些措施即使在1980年代也是不可想象的。一方面，关于寻求庇护者和德国人的条例逐渐具有限制性。另一方面，1913年《公民身份和国籍法》（Reichs und Staatsangehörigkeitsgesetz）和1965年《外国人法》（Ausländergesetz）的修改极大地改变了入籍程序。在1999年通过新的德国国籍法之前，在德国取得国籍完全基于血统原则（血统主义）。本文试图解释德国政府改变国籍政策，引入出生公民权的原因。它回顾了战后的背景因素，塑造了公民身份的辩论，并询问是否是外部或内部因素，即国际一级的规范和机构或国内政治，导致了变化。如果国内政治可以完全解释新国籍法的通过，那么国内的什么力量起了重要作用？国家行动是以保护“国家利益”的名义采取的，还是政党政治？社会力量在新公民政策的制定中扮演了什么样的角色？该法案是否试图缓解自20世纪90年代以来德国日益增长的反外国人情绪？通过对德国社会经济和人口趋势的档案和文献研究以及二手数据，本文得出结论，国内政治解释了公民法的变化。我认为，授予和保留国家公民身份，包括出生公民身份，完全掌握在民族国家手中。考虑到对国家地位的纯粹民族文化理解现在包括法律的和领土组成部分，新的德国国籍法是理论和概念层面的重大改革。然而，新的入籍程序的实际后果仍有待观察。未来研究议程的主要问题是，新的入籍和公民身份法是否会使生活在德国社会的外国人充分融入社会。
Since the beginning of the 1990s, Germany has been taking controversial policy measures that had been quite unimaginable, even in the 1980s. On the one hand, regulations for asylum seekers and ethnic Germans have gradually become restrictive in nature. On the other hand, changes to the Citizenship and Nationality Law of 1913 (Reichs und Staatsangehörigkeitsgesetz) and the Alien Act of 1965 (Ausländergesetz) have dramatically altered the naturalization process. Before the passage of the new German citizenship law in 1999, the acquisition of citizenship in Germany was solely based on the principle of descent (jus sanguinis). This paper attempts to explain why German government altered its citizenship policy and introduced birthright citizenship. It reviews the post-war contextual factors that have shaped the debate on citizenship and asks whether it is external or internal factors, that is international-level norms and institutions or domestic politics, that led to the change. If domestic politics can fully explain the adoption of the new citizenship law, what domestic forces played an important role? Was state action taken in the name of protecting “the national interest” or was it party politics? What role did societal forces play in the making of new citizenship policy? Did the act seek to mitigate anti-foreigner sentiment growing in Germany since the 1990s? Using archival and documentary research and secondary data on socio-economic and demographic trends in Germany, this paper concludes that domestic politics explain the changes in the citizenship law. I argue that granting and withholding national citizenship, including birthright citizenship, is exclusively in the hands of a nation state. Considering a purely ethnocultural understanding of nation-hood now includes legal and territorial components, the new German citizenship law is a major reform at the both theoretical and conceptual level. However, the practical consequences of the new naturalization process remain to be seen. The main question for the future research agenda is whether the new naturalization and citizenship laws will bring full integration of foreigners living in German society.