Morphological effects on the darkness of English intervocalic /l/
Morphological effects on the darkness of English intervocalic /l/
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DOI：
10.1515/lp-2013-0015
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发表时间：
2013-10-01
影响因子：
1.5
通讯作者：
Hwang, Sangjin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lee-Kim, Sang-Im;Davidson, Lisa;Hwang, Sangjin
发音和声学研究提供了证据，在词首和词尾位置，英语/l/表现出实质性的差异，在“黑暗”：黑暗[l]在词尾位置产生更多的收缩舌背和降低舌体比轻[l]在词首位置。然而，元音间/l/的暗度是可变的。Sproat和Fujimura（1993）认为/l/ darkness是一个连续体，受到持续时间的强烈影响，Hayes（2000）认为元音间/l/s的形态状态应该影响它们是作为亮变体还是暗变体产生的。在这项研究中，超声成像是用来调查是否形态附属的/l/影响的程度，舌背退缩和舌体降低和声学特性的/l/黑暗。六位美国英语使用者产生了三种类型的刺激，这些刺激被预测在黑暗中按以下顺序增加：（1）当/l/对应于后缀的开始时（例如，（2）当/l/对应于词干词的最后位置时（例如，tall-est），以及（3）当/l/是词干词的最后辅音时（例如，高）。对于发音和声学措施，预测的顺序得到了支持。黑暗与发音的最强相关是舌体下移，声学差异主要表现在F1和归一化强度上。这些研究结果的语音影响进行了讨论。
Articulatory and acoustic studies have provided evidence that in word-initial and word-final positions, English /l/ exhibits substantial differences in 'darkness': dark [l] in word-final position is produced with a more retracted tongue dorsum and lowered tongue body than light [l] in word-initial position. The darkness of intervocalic /l/, however, is variable. While Sproat and Fujimura (1993) argue that /l/ darkness is on a continuum strongly affected by duration, Hayes (2000) maintains that the morphological status of intervocalic /l/s should affect whether they are produced as light or dark variants. In this study, ultrasound imaging is used to investigate whether the morphological affiliation of the /l/ affects the degree of tongue dorsum retraction and tongue body lowering and the acoustic characteristics of /l/ darkness. Six American English speakers produced three types of stimuli which were predicted to increase in darkness in the following order: (1) when /l/ corresponded with the onset of a suffix (e.g., flaw-less), (2) when /l/ corresponded with the final position of the stem word (e.g., tall-est), and (3) when /l/ was the final consonant of a stem word (e.g., tall). For both articulatory and acoustic measures, the predicted order was upheld. The strongest articulatory correlate of darkness was tongue body lowering, and acoustic differences were mainly manifested in F1 and normalized intensity. Phonological implications of these findings are discussed.