Success on the Commons
Success on the Commons
复制标题
公地的成功
DOI：
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发表时间：
1992
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
M. McKean
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. McKean
臭名昭著的“公地悲剧”被错误地认为是所有资源的最终命运，这些资源是集体使用的，而不是由个别私人所有者使用的。本文回顾了世界各地成功的环境资源集体管理的几个例子-运作了几十年甚至几个世纪而没有导致资源退化的体制制度。然后，它探讨了这些历史上没有联系的制度性政权的共同特征，以便开始具体说明规避悲剧的政权的特征。成功的系统通常都有明确界定的合格用户管理者群体，并有明确、易于执行和注重环境的规则来限制资源的使用。但是，它们在分配收获的资源供应方面有很大的不同，从不平等分配资源的权利等级制度到通过彩票分配平等份额的非常平等主义的制度。
The notorious `tragedy of the commons' is incorrectly held to be the eventual fate of all resources that are used collectively rather than by individual private owners. This essay reviews several examples around the world of successful collective management of environmental resources - institutional regimes that have operated for decades or even centuries without resulting in degradation of resources. It then explores the features shared by these historically unconnected institutional regimes in order to begin specifying the characteristics of regimes that circumvent tragedy. Successful systems usually have well defined communities of eligible user-managers and clear, easily enforced and environmentally cautious rules to constrain resource use. But they vary greatly in terms of the allocation of the harvested supply of the resource, from hierarchical systems of rights with unequal allocation of the resource to very egalitarian systems that assign equal shares by lottery.