Evolution of water conservation in humans
Evolution of water conservation in humans
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DOI：
10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.045
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发表时间：
2021-04-26
期刊：
影响因子：
9.2
通讯作者：
Ross, Stephen R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Pontzer, Herman;Brown, Mary H.;Ross, Stephen R.
总结为了维持生命，人类和其他陆地动物每天必须保持水的获得和损失的紧密平衡。(1-3)然而，由于缺乏其他类人猿的比较措施，人们对人类水平衡生理学的进化知之甚少。虽然人类每天喝水以维持水分平衡，但生活在雨林中的类人猿通常从食物中获得足够的水，可以几天或几周不喝水(4-6)。在这里，我们比较了动物园和热带雨林保护区栖息地的猿(黑猩猩、矮黑猩猩、大猩猩和猩猩)和5个不同的人类群体(包括半干旱大草原上的狩猎-采集群落)水分周转的同位素消耗测量(L/d)。在整个样本中，水的周转率与总能量消耗(TEE，大卡/天)、体力活动、气候(环境温度和湿度)以及脱脂质量密切相关。在控制这些因素的分析中，尽管人类的出汗能力更强，但人类的水分周转率比其他类人猿低30%到50%。动物园和保护区类人猿的水周转量与野生种群的估计周转量相似，水摄入量与饮食能量摄入量的比率(类似于2.8毫升/千卡)也是如此。然而，动物园和保护区的类人猿摄入的水与食物干物质的比例更高，这可能会导致圈养的消化问题。与类人猿相比，人类的目标似乎是较低的水/能量摄入量比率(类似于1.5毫升/千卡)。由于气候、饮食和行为的变化而造成的水分压力，显然导致了人类生理学上以前未知的节水适应。
A SUMMARYTo sustain life, humans and other terrestrial animals must maintain a tight balance of water gain and water loss each day.(1-3) However, the evolution of human water balance physiology is poorly understood due to the absence of comparative measures from other hominoids. While humans drink daily to maintain water balance, rainforest-living great apes typically obtain adequate water from their food and can go days or weeks without drinking(4-6). Here, we compare isotope-depletion measures of water turnover (L/d) in zoo-and rainforest sanctuary-housed apes (chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans) with 5 diverse human populations, including a hunter-gatherer community in a semi-arid savannah. Across the entire sample, water turnover was strongly related to total energy expenditure (TEE, kcal/d), physical activity, climate (ambient temperature and humidity), and fat free mass. In analyses controlling for those factors, water turnover was 30% to 50% lower in humans than in other apes despite humans' greater sweating capacity. Water turnover in zoo and sanctuary apes was similar to estimated turnover in wild populations, as was the ratio of water intake to dietary energy intake (similar to 2.8 mL/kcal). However, zoo and sanctuary apes ingested a greater ratio of water to dry matter of food, which might contribute to digestive problems in captivity. Compared to apes, humans appear to target a lower ratio of water/energy intake (similar to 1.5 mL/kcal). Water stress due to changes in climate, diet, and behavior apparently led to previously unknown water conservation adaptations in hominin physiology.