Understanding and Improving Enforcement and Compliance with Drinking Water Standards
Understanding and Improving Enforcement and Compliance with Drinking Water Standards
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了解并改进饮用水标准的执行和遵守
DOI：
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发表时间：
2019
影响因子：
4.3
通讯作者：
Berdakh Utemuratov
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
C. Kirchhoff;J. A. Flagg;Zhuang Yan;Berdakh Utemuratov
公共饮用水的质量对公众健康构成严重风险，但美国公共供水系统（PWSs）经常生产违反饮用水标准的水。对这类侵权行为的原因以及执法行动对减少这类侵权行为的影响仍然知之甚少。我们使用了一个为期十年的数据库，在2487康涅狄格州（CT）水系统的水质违规行为，以测试一种新的分析模型，调查司机的水质违规行为，并探讨执法行动的影响，由国家饮用水计划（DWP）的违规行为的持续时间。PWS的特点与CT的违规行为增加包括：国有，地下水的依赖，和农村的位置。非瞬态，非社区（NTNC）系统犯下的违规行为总体上较少，但他们的违规行为持续时间明显长于其他PWS类型所犯下的。PWSs对正式和非正式执法行动的反应不同，非正式执法行动（即信函和技术援助）比相对惩罚性的正式执法行动更有效地遏制违法行为的持续时间。最后，我们发现美国环境保护署的执法目标工具（ETT）与非正式执法行动相结合，对恢复PWS合规性有所帮助，但我们的分析表明，ETT在孤立的情况下效果较差。我们展示了一个新的分析模型，提供可操作的信息，负责执行饮用水标准，以保护公共供水质量的国家水处理厂。
The quality of public drinking water poses a critical risk to public health, yet U.S. public water systems (PWSs) frequently produce water that violates drinking water standards. The causes of such violations and the effects of enforcement actions on reducing those violations remain poorly understood. We use a ten-year database of water quality violations across 2487 Connecticut (CT) water systems to test a novel analytical model that investigates drivers of water quality violations and explores the effects of enforcement actions by the state drinking water program (DWP) on the durations of violations. PWS characteristics associated with increased violations in CT include: state-ownership, groundwater dependence, and rural location. Non-transient, non-community (NTNC) systems committed fewer violations overall, but their violations lasted significantly longer than those committed by other PWS types. PWSs respond differently to formal versus informal enforcement actions, with informal enforcement actions (i.e. a letter and technical assistance) curbing duration of violations more effectively than the comparatively punitive, formal enforcement actions. Lastly, we find the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s enforcement targeting tool (ETT) somewhat helpful for restoring PWS compliance in combination with informal enforcement action, but our analysis suggests the ETT is less effective in isolation. We demonstrate a novel analytical model that provides actionable information to state DWPs charged with enforcing drinking water standards to protect the quality of public water supplies.
保护公众健康免受饮用水污染物影响的未来挑战。
影响因子：
20.8
作者：
Murphy,EileenA;Post,GloriaB;Buckley,BrianT;Lippincott,RobertL;Robson,MarkG
通讯作者：
Robson,MarkG