Benthic Bees? Emergence Phenology of Calliopsis pugionis (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae) at a Seasonally Flooded Site
Benthic Bees? Emergence Phenology of Calliopsis pugionis (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae) at a Seasonally Flooded Site
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底栖蜜蜂？
DOI：
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发表时间：
1994
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
R. Orth
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
P. Visscher;R. Vetter;R. Orth
地面筑巢的Calliopsis pugionis Cockerell从水下至少3个月的巢穴中出现。水下持续时间和出现日期有显著的相关性，可能是因为淹没降低了土壤温度或氧气的可用性。这种延迟出现排除了许多蜜蜂正常饲料的主要来源，这些饲料生长在比淹水地点更高的海拔，因此物候变化不变。新兴蜜蜂中雄性蜜蜂的比例随着时间的推移而增加，这与基于该物种交配生物学的预期模式形成了对比。对巢穴的挖掘表明，这个物种的生命周期是单元化的，严格的一年生。这些结果讨论了环境的不可预测性对物种跟踪进化最优的影响。
Ground-nesting Calliopsis pugionis Cockerell emerged from nests that had been underwater for at least 3 mo. There was a significant correlation of the duration of submergence and the date of emergence, perhaps because inundation lowered soil temperature or oxygen availability. This delayed emergence excluded many bees from a major source of their normal forage, which grew at higher elevations than the flooded site and, thus, had unchanged phenology. The percentage of males among emerging bees increased with time, which contrasts with the expected pattern based on the mating biology of this species. Excavations of nests suggest that the life cycle of this species is univoltine and strictly annual. These results are discussed in terms of the effect of environmental unpredictability on a species tracking evolutionary optima.