The Effects of Constraints and Mastery on Mental and Physical Health: Conceptual and Methodological Considerations
The Effects of Constraints and Mastery on Mental and Physical Health: Conceptual and Methodological Considerations
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DOI：
10.1037/a0039050
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发表时间：
2015-06-01
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Mayer, Axel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Infurna, Frank J.;Mayer, Axel
在成年期和老年期，知觉控制和健康密切相关。然而，很少有人知道的差异影响的2个方面的感知控制，约束和掌握，心理和身体健康。此外，以前的研究测试的途径连接感知控制的心理和身体健康的限制是，调解测试与横截面设计，而不是在纵向调解设计，占时间顺序和先前的混乱。使用健康与退休研究（HRS; n = 7，612，M年龄= 68，SD = 10.66; 59%女性）的数据，我们研究了约束和掌握对4年心理和身体健康变化的影响，以及体力活动是否在纵向中介设计中介导了这种影响。使用验证性因素分析，我们模拟了由约束和掌握的2因素结构的知觉控制。在我们的纵向中介模型中，我们考虑了可能的混杂因素（例如，年龄、性别、教育、神经质、焦虑、记忆力和健康状况），限制对身心健康的总体影响比掌握更强，因此更多的限制与4年的身心健康下降有关。体力活动没有调解的影响，限制和掌握心理和身体健康（间接影响）。为了证明考虑混杂因素的纵向中介模型的重要性，我们还使用文献中常用的两种模型来估计中介效应：横截面中介模型和纵向中介模型，而不考虑混杂因素。这些中介模型表明了一种虚假的间接影响，无法进行因果解释。我们的研究结果表明，约束和掌握有不同的影响，心理和身体健康，以及如何纵向调解设计可以说明（或不）的发展过程中的途径。我们的讨论集中在概念和方法上的影响，2方面的模型感知控制和纵向中介设计的优势，用于测试人类发展的概念模型。
Perceived control and health are closely interrelated in adulthood and old age. However, less is known regarding the differential implications of 2 facets of perceived control, constraints and mastery, for mental and physical health. Furthermore, a limitation of previous research testing the pathways linking perceived control to mental and physical health is that mediation was tested with cross-sectional designs and not in a longitudinal mediation design that accounts for temporal ordering and prior confounds. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS; n = 7,612, M age = 68, SD = 10.66; 59% women) we examined the effect of constraints and mastery on 4-year changes in mental and physical health and whether physical activity mediated such effects in a longitudinal mediation design. Using confirmatory factor analysis, we modeled the 2-factor structure of perceived control that consisted of constraints and mastery. In our longitudinal mediation model, where we accounted for possible confounders (e.g., age, gender, education, neuroticism, conscientiousness, memory, and health conditions), constraints showed a stronger total effect on mental and physical health, than mastery, such that more constraints were associated with 4-year declines in mental and physical health. Physical activity did not mediate the effect of constraints and mastery on mental and physical health (indirect effect). To demonstrate the importance of a longitudinal mediation model that accounts for confounders, we also estimated the mediated effect using 2 models commonly used in the literature: cross-sectional mediation model and longitudinal mediation model without accounting for confounders. These mediation models indicated a spurious indirect effect that cannot be causally interpreted. Our results showcase that constraints and mastery have differential implications for mental and physical health, as well as how a longitudinal mediation design can illustrate (or not) pathways in developmental processes. Our discussion focuses on the conceptual and methodological implications of a 2 facet model of perceived control and the strengths of longitudinal mediation designs for testing conceptual models of human development.