Conservation physiology across scales: insights from the marine realm.
Conservation physiology across scales: insights from the marine realm.
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DOI：
10.1093/conphys/cou024
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发表时间：
2014
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Peck MA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cooke SJ;Killen SS;Metcalfe JD;McKenzie DJ;Mouillot D;Jørgensen C;Peck MA
“尺度”的概念（包括生物、空间、时间、异速生长和系统发育方面）是保护生理学的基础。如果不考虑它的重要性，就会妨碍我们作出有意义的保护成果。必须考虑各种规模，并尽可能地跨规模工作。随着保护生理学领域的发展，并日益与生态学和保护科学相结合，尺度的基本概念正被认为是重要的，特别是在确保生理学知识以一种与政策制定者、保护实践者和利益相关者最相关的方式被语境化方面。如果没有考虑到规模在保护生理学中的重要性——包括它所带来的挑战和机遇——将阻碍这一学科产生对有意义的保护成果作出贡献所需的科学理解的能力。本文主要从生物尺度、空间尺度、时间尺度、异速尺度和系统发育尺度五个方面进行了分析。我们还考虑了与这五种规模相关的政策规模和政策应用，以及扩大和缩小规模的优点，以探索和解决保护问题。虽然与所有系统（例如淡水、陆地）有关，但鉴于现有关于规模及其与海洋养护和管理的相关性的论述，我们使用了海洋领域的例子，特别强调鱼类。我们的综合揭示了尺度的所有五个方面都与保护生理学相关，其中许多方面具有内在联系。很明显，跨尺度工作既有机遇也有挑战，但是，为了理解保护问题的潜在机制，有必要考虑各种各样的规模，并尽可能地跨尺度工作。此外，鉴于生物过程的尺度往往与政策和管理尺度不匹配，保护生理学需要显示它如何与不同政策/管理尺度的方面相关，改变适用政策/管理干预的尺度或准备被忽视。
The concept of “scale” (including biological, spatial, temporal, allometric and phylogenetic aspects) is fundamental to conservation physiology. Failure to consider its importance will impede our ability to contribute to meaningful conservation outcomes. It is essential to consider scale of all sorts and to work across scales to the extent possible. As the field of conservation physiology develops and becomes increasingly integrated with ecology and conservation science, the fundamental concept of scale is being recognized as important, particularly for ensuring that physiological knowledge is contextualized in a manner most relevant to policy makers, conservation practitioners and stakeholders. Failure to consider the importance of scale in conservation physiology—both the challenges and the opportunities that it creates—will impede the ability of this discipline to generate the scientific understanding needed to contribute to meaningful conservation outcomes. Here, we have focused on five aspects of scale: biological, spatial, temporal, allometric and phylogenetic. We also considered the scale of policy and policy application relevant to those five types of scale as well as the merits of upscaling and downscaling to explore and address conservation problems. Although relevant to all systems (e.g. freshwater, terrestrial) we have used examples from the marine realm, with a particular emphasis on fishes, given the fact that there is existing discourse regarding scale and its relevance for marine conservation and management. Our synthesis revealed that all five aspects of scale are relevant to conservation physiology, with many aspects inherently linked. It is apparent that there are both opportunities and challenges afforded by working across scales but, to understand mechanisms underlying conservation problems, it is essential to consider scale of all sorts and to work across scales to the greatest extent possible. Moreover, given that the scales in biological processes will often not match policy and management scales, conservation physiology needs to show how it is relevant to aspects at different policy/management scales, change the scales at which policy/management intervention is applied or be prepared to be ignored.