Nuclear import and export of viruses and virus genomes.
Nuclear import and export of viruses and virus genomes.
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DOI：
10.1006/viro.1998.9165
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发表时间：
1998-06
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Gary R. Whittaker;Ari Helenius
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Gary R. Whittaker;Ari Helenius
许多病毒在其动物和植物宿主细胞的细胞核中复制。核输入、输出和核质穿梭在其复制周期中发挥着核心作用。尽管对于某些病毒系统，单个病毒蛋白进出细胞核的运输已经得到了充分研究，但病毒基因组和衣壳等较大实体的核运输最近才成为分子分析的主题。在这篇综述中，讨论了出现的一般概念，并对植物和动物病毒的当前信息进行了调查。总结这个新兴领域的主要发现，很明显，大多数进入或离开细胞核的病毒都利用了细胞的核进出口机制。除少数例外，病毒似乎通过核孔复合物穿过核膜，利用细胞核输入和输出信号、受体和转运因子。在许多情况下，它们利用微妙的控制系统，例如调节细胞成分进出细胞核的运输的磷酸化。病毒衣壳的大尺寸及其组成（它们含有大的RNA和DNA分子，这在正常核运输中很少有先例）使得这个过程独特而复杂。在病毒基因组和辅助蛋白通过核孔进入之前，需要事先进行衣壳分解（或变形）。不同病毒家族的衣壳表现出不同的脱衣程序，最终通过核孔进行基因组转移。
Many viruses replicate in the nucleus of their animal and plant host cells. Nuclear import, export, and nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling play a central role in their replication cycle. Although the trafficking of individual virus proteins into and out of the nucleus has been well studied for some virus systems, the nuclear transport of larger entities such as viral genomes and capsids has only recently become a subject of molecular analysis. In this review, the general concepts emerging are discussed and a survey is provided of current information on both plant and animal viruses. Summarizing the main findings in this emerging field, it is evident that most viruses that enter or exit the nucleus take advantage of the cell's nuclear import and export machinery. With a few exceptions, viruses seem to cross the nuclear envelope through the nuclear pore complexes, making use of cellular nuclear import and export signals, receptors, and transport factors. In many cases, they capitalize on subtle control systems such as phosphorylation that regulate traffic of cellular components into and out of the nucleus. The large size of viral capsids and their composition (they contain large RNA and DNA molecules for which there are few precedents in normal nuclear transport) make the processes unique and complicated. Prior capsid disassembly (or deformation) is required before entry of viral genomes and accessory proteins can occur through nuclear pores. Capsids of different virus families display diverse uncoating programs which culminate in genome transfer through the nuclear pores.