Adaptive Agricultural Practices and Land Use Cycles on Pyritic Sediments in South Kalimantan
Adaptive Agricultural Practices and Land Use Cycles on Pyritic Sediments in South Kalimantan
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南加里曼丹黄铁矿沉积物的适应性农业实践和土地利用循环
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发表时间：
1992
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通讯作者：
B. Sumawinata
中科院分区：
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作者：
B. Sumawinata
将潜在的酸性硫酸盐土壤复垦用于农业涉及土壤中存在的黄铁矿矿物质将被氧化并产生不利于植物生长的条件的危险。当通过森林砍伐、运河开挖和覆盖泥炭层的破坏来开垦沼泽时，黄铁矿矿物会被氧化。在南加里曼丹，班贾拉人使用“适应性”农业技术在潜在的酸性硫酸盐土壤上种植水稻和多年生作物。其特点如下。 （1）尽量减少填海所需的排水，以抑制黄铁矿沉积物的氧化。 （2）采用传统的沼泽水稻种植方法。 （3）白千层次生林采用水稻轮作、长植、长期休耕的方式进行保护。本文介绍了南加里曼丹适应性水稻栽培技术和土地利用周期的详细信息。沉积物的化学和地貌特征将在后续论文中介绍。一、简介 印度尼西亚沿海沼泽地面积广阔，地势平坦，水源充足，具有开发稻田的吸引力。然而，许多沉积物是在咸水环境中形成的，含有大量的黄铁矿矿物，其最大硫含量达到4.7%。在还原状态下，它们对植物无毒，但是，当通过修建开垦运河排出其中的积水时，这些黄铁矿沉积物被氧化并转变成含有大量 Al 3 + 、Sol- 和 Fe 3 + 的酸性有毒物质，例如酸性硫酸盐土壤。已尝试通过撒石灰或围堤控制水位来改良酸性硫酸盐土壤。但这些都是不切实际的，因为涉及大量的石灰和成本。班贾拉人开发了一种“适应性”技术，用于在南加里曼丹沼泽地区潜在的酸性硫酸盐土壤上种植水稻和旱地作物。 “适应性”班贾拉农业技术的特点首先是，将开垦所需的排水量保持在最低限度，以便尽可能长时间地保持土地处于缩小状态。这是通过挖掘带有简单水闸的浅排水渠来完成的。水闸的操作可以实现稻田的积水和排水。其次，自从
The reclamation of potential acid sulfate soils for agriculture involves the danger that pyritic minerals present in the soil will be oxidized and produce unfavorable conditions for plant growth. Pyritic minerals are oxidized when swamp is reclaimed by forest cutting, canal excavation, and destruction of the covering peat layer. In South Kalimantan, Banjarese people use an "adaptive" agricultural technique to cultivate rice and perennial crops on potential acid sulfate soils. Its characteristic features are as follows. (1) Drainage is kept to the minimum needed for the reclamation, so as to depress the oxidation of pyritic sediments. (2) The traditional method of swamp-land rice cultivation is employed. (3) The secondary Melaleuca forest is conserved by the shifting cultivation of rice cultivation with long-term planting and long-term fallowing periods. This paper presents details of the adaptive rice culture techniques and the cycle of land use in South Kalimantan. The chemical and geomorphic characters of the sediments will be presented in forth coming papers. I Introduction Indonesia has wide areas of coastal swamp that are flat and have good water supplies, and are therefore attractive for development as making paddy fields. Many of the sediments, however, were fonned in brackish water environments and contain high amounts of pyritic minerals, their maximum sulfur content reaching 4.7%. In the reduced state, they are not toxic for plants, but, when the stagnant water is drained from them by constructing canals for land reclamation, these pyritic sediments are oxidized and transfonned into acidic and toxic materials with high amounts of Al 3 +, Sol- and Fe 3 +, e.g., acid sulfate soils. Attempts have been made to improve acid sulfate soils by liming or by polder dyking to control water levels. But these are impractical because of the huge amounts of lime and costs are involved. The Banjarese people have developed an "adaptive" technique for rice cultivation as well as for upland crops on potential acid sulfate soils in the swampy areas of South Kalimantan. The characteristic features of the "adaptive" Banjarese agricultural technique are firstly, that drainage is kept to the minimum required for reclamation in order to maintain the plots in the reduced state for as long as possible. This is done by digging shallow drainage canals with simple water gates. Operation of the water gates enables ponding and draining of the rice fields. Secondly, since the