The claustrum: a historical review of its anatomy, physiology, cytochemistry and functional significance.
The claustrum: a historical review of its anatomy, physiology, cytochemistry and functional significance.
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发表时间：
2004-09
影响因子：
1.6
通讯作者：
L. Edelstein;F. Denaro
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
L. Edelstein;F. Denaro
屏状核（claustrum，Cl）是位于哺乳动物端脑基底外侧的皮质下结构。自世纪中期以来，它一直是一个研究的主题。Cl可以在许多物种中被鉴定，并且在食虫动物、原猴亚目和有袋动物中作为与生殖相关的细胞核出现。个体发生学研究多年来一直是争论的主题。关于幽闭的发展有三种假说。迄今为止，“混合理论”获得了最多的支持。从功能的角度来看，与Cl特别相关的病理条件，虽然数量很少，但值得关注。有几例幽闭肌发育不全的报告。这些临床报告的影响进行了讨论。本文综述了在光镜和电镜水平上的脑神经解剖学。幽闭神经元的形态由几种类型组成，大致对应于神经元在不同幽闭亚部内的位置。Cl与大脑皮层的相互连接相当复杂，反映了复杂的功能相互关系。一些研究人员已经研究了Cl的血管结构。看来，血管渗透动脉也血管化氯。研究神经递质和Cl的整体化学神经解剖学的文献非常广泛。这些研究清楚地表明，Cl是丰富的神经支配的广泛和多样化的神经递质和神经调质。损伤，刺激和记录实验表明，功能和生理能力的Cl是相当强大的。一个经常出现的主题，幽闭功能似乎是其参与感觉运动整合。这可能是预期的CI，给予程度的异位，异感觉收敛和其相互连接的关键皮层下核和感觉皮层区。Cl仍然是一个知之甚少和研究不足的核。因此，回顾了世界文学通过1986年之前的“分子革命”的到来。这一多样化和广泛的知识体系是审查在领域ofacromegeneration，个体发育，病理学，血管结构，细胞化学，解剖学和生理学。可能的幽闭功能的理论也注意到。人们希望这项工作将刺激研究科学家进一步研究的Cl的功能相互关系，以及以更大的精度和准确性对更深入地了解其存在的理由。最近，弗朗西斯·克里克爵士（Sir Francis Crick）和克里斯托夫·科赫（Christof Koch）在神经科学领域的研究表明，视觉意识中也存在CI，这是理解CI功能的重要一步。在分子神经科学的努力将是必不可少的机械理解这些功能。目前正在从多个角度进行研究。在考虑过去的科学文献中的CI，有趣的是，这个曾经模糊的大脑结构，可能作为一个模型系统的研究最有趣和复杂的大脑功能之一-意识。
The claustrum (Cl) is a subcortical structure located in the basolateral telencephalon of the mammalian brain. It has been a subject of inquiry since the mid-nineteenth century. The Cl can be identified in a number of species, and appears as a phylogenetically related nucleus in Insectivores, Prosimians and Marsupials. Ontogenetic investigations have been the subject of much debate over the years. There are three hypotheses for claustral development. To date, the "hybrid theory" has garnered the most support. Pathological conditions specifically associated with the Cl, while few in number, are of interest from a functional perspective. Several cases of claustral agenesis have been reported. The implications of these clinical reports are discussed. Claustral neuroanatomy at the light-microscopic and electron-microscopic level is reviewed. The morphology of the claustral neuron consists of several types, which roughly corresponds to the neuron's location within distinct claustral subdivisions. The interconnectivity of the Cl with the cerebral cortex is rather complex and reflective of complex functional interrelationships. Several researchers have investigated the angioarchitecture of the Cl. It appears that vessels permeating the insula also vascularize the Cl. Literature investigating the neurotransmitters and overall chemical neuroanatomy of the Cl is extensive. These studies clearly demonstrate that the Cl is richly innervated with a wide and diverse array of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. Lesion, stimulation and recording experiments demonstrate that the functional and physiologic capacity of the Cl is quite robust. A recurring theme of claustral function appears to be its involvement in sensorimotor integration. This may be expected of the Cl, given the degree ofheterotopic, heterosensory convergence and its interconnectivity with the key subcortical nuclei and sensory cortical areas. The Cl remains a poorly understood and under investigated nucleus. Therefore, a review of the world literature through 1986 prior to the advent of the "molecular revolution" is presented. This diverse and extensive body of knowledge is reviewed in the areas ofphylogeny, ontogeny, pathology, angioarchitecture, cytochemistry, anatomy and physiology. Theories of possible claustral function are also noted. It is hoped that this work will stimulate research scientists to further investigate the functional interrelationships of the Cl as well as to aim with far greater precision and accuracy towards a deeper understanding of its raison d'etre. The recent efforts in neurosciences by Sir Francis Crick and Christof Koch implicating the Cl in visual consciousness, is an important step in understanding just what its functions could encompass. Efforts in molecular neurosciences will be indispensable for a mechanistic understanding of these functions. Currently research efforts are underway from many perspectives. In considering the past scientific literature on the Cl, it is interesting to regard that this once obscure brain structure, may serve as a model system for the study of one of the most interesting and complex brain functions-consciousness.