Ultrasonic predator–prey interactions in water–convergent evolution with insects and bats in air?
Ultrasonic predator–prey interactions in water–convergent evolution with insects and bats in air?
复制标题
超声波捕食者-猎物在水中的相互作用-与空气中昆虫和蝙蝠的趋同进化？
作者：
Maria Wilson;M. Wahlberg;A. Surlykke;P. Madsen
齿鲸和蝙蝠已经独立进化出生物声纳系统来导航、定位和捕捉猎物。这种主动感应使它们能够在黑暗中工作，但通过发出强烈的超声波信号来警告猎物的潜在成本。至少有六种夜间活动的昆虫独立进化出对超声波敏感的耳朵，当暴露在蝙蝠的叫声中时，它们会表现出躲避的动作。另一方面，在水生猎物中，探测和躲避发射超声波的捕食者的能力似乎仅限于Clupeidae的一个亚科：Alosinae(沙鱼和鲱鱼)。这些差异可能源于空气和水的不同物理性质，其中角质层机械感受器已被适应作为超声波敏感的耳朵，而水中的超声波检测要求感觉细胞机械连接到可以高频振荡的高度专业的气体体积。此外，昆虫和鱼类被回声定位捕食者捕食的风险很可能存在差异。进化中的超声波敏感耳朵在昆虫中的选择压力很大，因为基本上所有夜间对飞行昆虫的捕食都源于回声定位蝙蝠。在齿鲸和猎物之间的相互作用中，选择压力似乎较小，因为齿鲸绝不是唯一对猎物施加选择压力的海洋捕食者，以进化出特定的方法来发现和躲避它们。齿鲸可以产生极其强烈的声压级，有人认为它们可能会用这些来削弱猎物。然而，最近的实验表明，无论是有鱼囊的鱼，还是鱿鱼，都不会因为这种信号而虚弱。这有力地表明，高振幅超声波的产生是为了提高齿鲸生物声纳系统的探测范围，而不是为了削弱猎物。
Toothed whales and bats have independently evolved biosonar systems to navigate and locate and catch prey. Such active sensing allows them to operate in darkness, but with the potential cost of warning prey by the emission of intense ultrasonic signals. At least six orders of nocturnal insects have independently evolved ears sensitive to ultrasound and exhibit evasive maneuvers when exposed to bat calls. Among aquatic prey on the other hand, the ability to detect and avoid ultrasound emitting predators seems to be limited to only one subfamily of Clupeidae: the Alosinae (shad and menhaden). These differences are likely rooted in the different physical properties of air and water where cuticular mechanoreceptors have been adapted to serve as ultrasound sensitive ears, whereas ultrasound detection in water have called for sensory cells mechanically connected to highly specialized gas volumes that can oscillate at high frequencies. In addition, there are most likely differences in the risk of predation between insects and fish from echolocating predators. The selection pressure among insects for evolving ultrasound sensitive ears is high, because essentially all nocturnal predation on flying insects stems from echolocating bats. In the interaction between toothed whales and their prey the selection pressure seems weaker, because toothed whales are by no means the only marine predators placing a selection pressure on their prey to evolve specific means to detect and avoid them. Toothed whales can generate extremely intense sound pressure levels, and it has been suggested that they may use these to debilitate prey. Recent experiments, however, show that neither fish with swim bladders, nor squid are debilitated by such signals. This strongly suggests that the production of high amplitude ultrasonic clicks serve the function of improving the detection range of the toothed whale biosonar system rather than debilitation of prey.
检测硬骨鱼美国鲥鱼 (Alosa sapidissima) 的超声波音调和模拟海豚回声定位声。
DOI：
10.1121/1.423255
发表时间：
1998
期刊：
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
影响因子：
--
作者：
Mann,DA;Lu,Z;Hastings,MC;Popper,AN
通讯作者：
Popper,AN