Time-spread echo method for digital audio watermarkiing
Time-spread echo method for digital audio watermarkiing
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DOI：
10.1109/tmm.2005.843366
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发表时间：
2005-04-01
影响因子：
7.3
通讯作者：
Suzuki, Y
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Ko, BS;Nishimura, R;Suzuki, Y
传统的基于回声隐藏的水印技术提供了许多好处，但也有一些缺点，例如，一个宽松的解码过程中，对多重编码攻击的弱点，在本文中，以改善传统的回声隐藏的弱点，我们提出了一个时间扩展回声作为替代传统的回声隐藏中的单个回声。在时域中扩展回波是通过使用伪噪声（PN）序列来实现的。通过扩展回波，可以降低每个回波的幅度，即，每个回波的能量变小，使得由水印引起的失真对于人来说是不可感知的，同时与传统回波隐藏的情况相比，嵌入水印的解码性能得到更好的保持，如计算机模拟所示，其中改变了几个参数，例如PN序列的幅度和长度以及分析窗口长度。在这些模拟中还评估了对典型信号处理的鲁棒性，并显示出良好的性能。使用一些音乐片段的听力测试结果显示出良好的不可感知性。
Conventional watermarking techniques based on echo hiding provide many benefits, but also have several disadvantages, for example, a lenient decoding process, weakness against multiple encoding attacks, etc. In this paper, to improve the weak points of conventional echo hiding, we propose a time-spread echo as an alternative to the single echo in conventional echo hiding. Spreading an echo in the time domain is achieved by using pseudonoise (PN) sequences. By spreading the echo, the amplitude of each echo can be reduced, i.e., the energy of each echo becomes small, so that the distortion induced by watermarking is imperceptible to humans while the decoding performance of the embedded watermarks is better maintained as compared with the case of conventional echo hiding, as shown by computer simulations, in which several parameters, such as the amplitude and length of PN sequences and analysis window length, were varied. Robustness against typical signal processing was also evaluated in these Simulations and showed fair performance. Results of a listening test using some pieces of music showed good imperceptibility.