FORAGING BEHAVIOR AND ECHOLOCATION OF WILD HORSESHOE BATS RHINOLOPHUS-FERRUMEQUINUM AND RHINOLOPHUS-HIPPOSIDEROS (CHIROPTERA, RHINOLOPHIDAE)
FORAGING BEHAVIOR AND ECHOLOCATION OF WILD HORSESHOE BATS RHINOLOPHUS-FERRUMEQUINUM AND RHINOLOPHUS-HIPPOSIDEROS (CHIROPTERA, RHINOLOPHIDAE)
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DOI：
10.1007/bf00302917
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发表时间：
1989-01-01
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
RAYNER, JMV
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
JONES, G;RAYNER, JMV
本文报道了铁菊头蝠和铁菊头蝠的回声定位和觅食行为。描述了在自然条件下的河马摄食。这两个物种的电话主要由一个长的恒定频率（CF）段，往往发起和终止的简短FM扫描的实质性带宽。R.河马通常靠近植被飞行，并通过空中叫卖，拾荒和扑向靠近地面的猎物来进食。R.河马用接近112 kHz的CF段发声，这是发声的第二谐波;它的叫声包括低强度的初级谐波，并且具有相当大带宽的突出的初始和终端调频（FM）扫描。在翼上寻找猎物时，其脉冲间隔比红腹果蝇长。铁甲喹，但发射更短的脉冲在更高的重复率;总的来说，它有一个类似的占空比R。铁甲喹。R. ferrumequinum的CF段接近83 kHz，也使用谐波而不是主要的二次谐波，并根据生态条件修改其回声定位。本种与R. rouxi亚洲它被观察到通过空中叫卖和flycathing进食。当从鲈鱼（鲈鱼狩猎）扫描猎物时，呼叫的持续时间较短，脉冲间隔平均较长，比蝙蝠飞行时。平均占空比在飞行中更长，和FM段的带宽和频率扫描速率在细胞中增加栖息蝙蝠相比。FM信息可以帮助确定目标范围以及障碍物的位置和性质;它还可以参与回波的解释和杂波中移动目标的检测。在野外飞行时（以及在较小程度上的栖木狩猎），这两个物种发出的声音都是由不断上升的FM扫频引起的，这必须具有重要的适应作用，应该被认为是声音的重要组成部分;蝙蝠应该被称为“FM/CF/FM”蝙蝠。
Echolocation and foraging behavior of the horseshoe bats Rhinolophus ferrumequinum and R. hipposideros feeding under natural conditions are described. The calls of both species consisted predominantly of a long constant frequency (CF) segment, often initiated and terminated by brief FM sweeps of substantial bandwidth. R. hipposideros typically flew close to vegetation, and fed by aerial hawking, gleaning and by pouncing on prey close to the ground. R. hipposideros called with a CF segment close to 112 kHz which is the second harmonic of the vocalization; its calls included low intensity primary harmonics, and had prominent initial and terminal frequency modulated (FM) sweeps of considerable bandwidth. When searching for prey on the wing it had longer interpulse intervals than R. ferrumequinum, but emitted shorter pulses at a higher repetition rate; overall it had a similar duty cycle to R. ferrumequinum. R. ferrumequinum, calling with a CF segment close to 83 kHz, also used harmonics other than the dominant secondary in its calls, and modified its echolocation according to ecological conditions. This species showed certain parallels with R. rouxi of Asia. It was observed feeding by aerial hawking and by flycathcing. When scanning for prey from a perch (perch hunting), calls were of shorter duration, and interpulse intervals were on average longer, than when bats were flying. Mean duty cycle was longer in flight, and the bandwidths and frequency sweep rates of the FM segments in the cells increased in comparison with perched bats. FM information may facilitate determination of target range and the location and nature of obstacles; it may also be involved in the interpretation of echoes and the detection of moving targets among clutter. The rising FM sweep initiating the call in both species when flying (and to a lesser extent perch hunting) in the wild must have a significant adaptive role, and should be considered an essential component of the call; rhinolophids should be termed ''FM/CF/FM'' bats.