Selective sp(3) C-H alkylation via polarity-match-based cross-coupling.

Selective sp(3) C-H alkylation via polarity-match-based cross-coupling.
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DOI:
10.1038/nature22813
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发表时间:
2017-07-06
期刊:
影响因子:
64.8
通讯作者:
MacMillan DWC
MacMillan DWC
中科院分区:
综合性期刊1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Le C;Liang Y;Evans RW;Li X;MacMillan DWC

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碳氢键的功能化是有机化学中最具吸引力的分子构筑策略之一。氢原子被认为是理想的偶联柄,因为它在有机分子中相对丰富,并且几乎在合成序列的任何阶段都可以进行官能化。尽管许多C-H官能化反应涉及C(sp3)-C(sp2)偶联,但对其中sp3 C-H键被sp3 C-烷基取代的C-H烷基化反应的需求不断增长。在这里,我们描述了一个基于极性匹配的选择性sp3 C-H烷基化通过光氧化还原,镍和氢原子转移催化的组合。该方法同时使用三个催化循环来实现双金属C-H键提取(通过极性匹配实现)、烷基卤化物氧化加成和还原消除以实现烷基-烷基片段偶联。sp3 C-H烷基化对胺、醚和硫化物的α-C-H具有高度选择性,这些化合物通常存在于药学相关结构中。这种交叉偶联方案应该能够在从头合成和后期官能化化学中实现广泛的合成应用。
The functionalization of carbon–hydrogen (C–H) bonds is one of the most attractive strategies for molecular construction in organic chemistry. The hydrogen atom is considered to be an ideal coupling handle, owing to its relative abundance in organic molecules and its availability for functionalization at almost any stage in a synthetic sequence. Although many C–H functionalization reactions involve C(sp3)–C(sp2) coupling, there is a growing demand for C–H alkylation reactions, wherein sp3 C–H bonds are replaced with sp3 C–alkyl groups. Here we describe a polarity-match-based selective sp3 C–H alkylation via the combination of photoredox, nickel and hydrogen-atom transfer catalysis. This methodology simultaneously uses three catalytic cycles to achieve hydridic C–H bond abstraction (enabled by polarity matching), alkyl halide oxidative addition, and reductive elimination to enable alkyl–alkyl fragment coupling. The sp3 C–H alkylation is highly selective for the α-C–H of amines, ethers and sulphides, which are commonly found in pharmaceutically relevant architectures. This cross-coupling protocol should enable broad synthetic applications in de novo synthesis and late-stage functionalization chemistry.
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