CRAWFORD,ADAIR AND CALORIMETRY
CRAWFORD,ADAIR AND CALORIMETRY
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DOI：
10.1079/pns19780002
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发表时间：
1978-01-01
影响因子：
7
通讯作者：
BLAXTER, KL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
BLAXTER, KL
正如你所注意到的，1978年的研讨会没有包括克劳福德的名字，因为我们不确定为他提出的索赔的有效性。Max Kleiber在他的书《生命之火》中写道：“Adam（不是Adair） Crawford（公元778年）是Joseph Black的学生，据说他是第一个测量动物热量的人。”克劳福德写道，他在普里斯特利的建议下建造了他的第一个燃烧量热计。然而，克莱伯在他的参考书目中提到的克劳福德是指1788年出版的这本书的第二版，书名与第一版相同。这本书与1779年出版的前作大不相同。第一部是薄薄的一卷，几乎完全用于测量生物学上有趣的材料的比热和燃烧热。这些工作是格拉斯哥化学教授约瑟夫·布莱克（Joseph Black）和威廉·欧文（William Irvine）开创的工作的直接延续，约瑟夫·布莱克提出了比热和潜热的概念。克劳福德清楚地设计了一种仪器来测量大量水的温度的升高，那就是量热计，但是书中没有提到任何测量生物产生的热量的方法。第二版是一本完全不同的书。它不仅涉及比热，还包括动物热量的研究。它还包括许多参考拉瓦锡先生的工作。在描述克劳福德的豚鼠实验之后，有一段话很有说服力：“拉瓦锡和拉普拉斯用不同的仪器做了一系列与现在背诵的实验相似的实验。”人们可能会认为这就是结局，认为优先级的归属是由于阅读了第二版而没有仔细检查第一版，但有一点。在皇家学会图书馆收藏的第二版的广告或序言中，克劳福德说：“这些实验是1777年夏天在格拉斯哥进行的....在随后的会议开始时，爱丁堡大学的许多教授和学生都知道了他们；在整个冬天里，皇家医学会的撰文人对这些问题进行了解释。克劳福德的这句话可能暗示了一种优先权；即便如此，尚不清楚所提到的实验是关于比热和燃烧热的实验还是关于动物热的实验。到目前为止，与爱丁堡皇家医学会的通信还没有解决这个问题。他们的会议记录可以追溯到1778年3月28日，根据克劳福德的说法，会议地址是在1777-78年冬天发表的。克劳福德于1780年被提名为该协会的荣誉会员，该协会的合订本中没有克劳福德的任何论文。有!然而，其他人在论文中提到了他的工作，但这些都没有表明他在1784年之前对豚鼠进行了研究。这是在拉瓦锡的测量之后。还有一个疑问；皇家医学学会的论文是不完整的，似乎也没有克劳福德与爱丁堡大学的学生和教授交流的记录。然而，可以肯定的是，克劳福德制造了第一个量热计，它采用了测量已知比热物质的温升的原理。他的结论是，当动物的呼吸改变一定量的纯净空气时，所产生的热量几乎等于https://doi。剑桥大学出版社在线出版
2 SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS I978 symposium, as you will note, does not include Crawford’s name, because we are not sure about the validity of the claims made for him. Max Kleiber in his book ‘The Fire of Life’wrote:‘Adam (not Adair) Crawford (I 778) a pupil of Joseph Black is said to have been the first to measure animal heat. Crawford writes that he constructed his first combustion calorimeter at the suggestion of Priestley.’Kleiber’s reference to Crawford in his reference list is, however, to the second edition of the book published with the same title as the first in 1788. This book was very different from its predecessor of 1779. The first was a slim volume devoted almost entirely to the measurement of specific heats and heats of combustion of biologically interesting materials. Such work was a direct continuation of that which had been pioneered by Joseph Black, Professor of Chemistry in Glasgow, who had developed the concepts of specific and latent heat, and of William Irvine. Crawford had clearly designed apparatus to measure the increase in the temperature of a mass of water, that is a calorimeter, but there is no mention whatever of any measurements of the heat produced by living things. The second edition was a very different book. It not only dealt with specific heats but included the work on animal heat. It also included many references to the work of M. Lavoisier. A telling passage after the description of Crawford’s guinea-pig experiments reads:‘A series of experiments similar to those now recited have been made by Messrs Lavoisier and De Laplace with a different apparatus.’It might be thought that this was the end, that the attribution of priority had come from a reading of the second edition without a careful checking of the first, but for one thing. In the advertisement or preface to the copy of the second edition held in the Royal Society’s library, Crawford says:‘the experiments were made at Glasgow in the summer of the year 1777.... In the beginning of the ensuing session they were made known to many Professors and students in the University of Edinburgh; and in the course of the winter they were explained by the Author in the Royal Medical Society.’This statement by Crawford might suggest a priority; even so, it is not clear whether the experiments referred to were those on specific and combustion heats or those on animal heat. Correspondence with the Royal Medical Society in Edinburgh has not so far resolved the matter. Minutes of their meetings date back to 28th March 1778, and the address was according to Crawford given in the winter of 1777-78. Crawford was proposed as an honorary member of the Society in 1780, and the bound volumes of papers of the Society do not include any given by Crawford. There are!, however, references to his work in papers by others, but none of these suggest that his work with guinea pigs was done before 1784. This would be well after the measurements made by Lavoisier. There is still a doubt; the papers of the Royal Medical Society are incomplete, and there appears to be no record of Crawford’s communications to the students and Professors at Edinburgh. What is, however, certain is that Crawford built the first calorimeter which employed the principle of measurement of the temperature rise of a mass of material of known specific heat. His conclusion ‘the quantity of heat produced when a given portion of pure air is altered by the respiration of an animal is nearly equal to that which is https://doi. org/10.1079/PNS19780002 Published online by Cambridge University Press