Digital information processing in molecular systems.
Digital information processing in molecular systems.
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DOI：
10.1021/cr068403q
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发表时间：
2008-06
期刊：
影响因子：
62.1
通讯作者：
K. Szaciłowski
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
K. Szaciłowski
数字电子在日常生活中的应用如此广泛，以至于几乎不可能找到不使用数字电子元件的电子设备。平均而言，所有电子设备中85%的电路是数字的，只有15%是模拟的。1.由于结构简单、抗干扰能力强、成本低，越来越多的电子系统实现了数字化。在数字系统中，信息包含在一系列的0和1中，通常表示为低电压和高电压（图1a和2），而在模拟系统中，必须考虑整个连续状态（图1b）。因此，与模拟系统相比，数字系统中的信息处理是直接的，并且基于非常简单的布尔逻辑原理（见下文）。2数字系统对任何干扰的敏感性要低得多，这是由于允许信号值的宽裕度（图2a）导致高度非线性特性。任何真实的数字器件的特征都是信号上升时间和信号下降时间（图2c）。这些时间限制了信息处理的速率，因为脉冲持续时间（一个二进制操作所需的时间）不能短于上升（或下降）时间。目前使用的计算机和其他电子数字设备是基于在硅晶片表面上制造的单片半导体结构。3-7所有这些设备都使用二进制逻辑进行信息传输，处理和存储，并利用电信号作为信息载体。所有的信息都被编码成一系列的0和1，表示为低和高电位值。逻辑门是处理信息的基本元件：它们的功能就像开关，其输出（0或1）取决于输入条件。这些器件的发展可以用经验法则来描述，也称为摩尔定律。它预测，每个微芯片上经济可行的晶体管数量（以及设备性能）每18个月翻一番。8.由于基本的和技术的障碍，任何电子设备的性能的提高都不可能无限地进行。后者可以通过应用新材料（例如，分子线9 -13和其他超分子π共轭体系，13-17功能树枝状聚合物，18-22聚合物21 -27和其他分子）来克服。
Digital electronics is so widely used in everyday life that it is almost impossible to find an electric device that does not make use of digital electronic components. On average, 85% of the circuitry in all the electronic devices is digital and only 15% is analog. 1 Due to the ease of construction, resistance to interference, and low cost, more and more electronic systems become digitalized. In digital systems, information is contained in series of zeros and ones, represented usually as low and high voltages (Figures 1a and 2), while in analog systems, the whole continuum of states must be considered (Figure 1b). Therefore, in contrast to analog systems, information processing in digital systems is straightforward and based on very simple principles of Boolean logic (vide infra). 2 Digital systems are much less sensitive to any interference due to wide margins of allowed signal values (Figure 2a) resulting in turn from highly nonlinear characteristics. Any real digital device is characterized by signal rise time and signal fall time (Figure 2c). These times limit the rate of information processing, as the pulse duration (time required for one binary operation) cannot be shorter than the rise (or fall) time.Currently used computers and other electronic digital devices are based on monolithic semiconductor structures fabricated on the surface of silicon wafers. 3–7 All these devices use binary logic for information transmission, processing, and storage, and utilize electric signals as information carriers. All the information is encoded in series of zeros and ones, represented as low and high potential values. Logic gates are basic elements processing information: they function as switches whose output (0 or 1) depends on input conditions. The development of these devices can be described using the empirical rule, also as known Moore’s Law. It predicts that the economically feasible number of transistors per microchip (and hence the device performance) doubles every 18 months. 8 The increase of performance of any electronic device cannot proceed infinitely due to fundamental and technological barriers. The latter can be overcome by application of new materials (eg, molecular wires9–13 and other supramolecular π-conjugated systems, 13–17 functional dendrimers, 18–22 polymers21–27 and other molec-