Urban ecological footprints: Why cities cannot be sustainable - And why they are a key to sustainability
Urban ecological footprints: Why cities cannot be sustainable - And why they are a key to sustainability
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DOI：
10.1016/s0195-9255(96)00022-4
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发表时间：
1996-07-01
影响因子：
7.9
通讯作者：
Wackernagel, M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Rees, W;Wackernagel, M
有人说，工业革命引发了历史上最大规模的人口迁移。这场移民潮首先席卷了澳大利亚、欧洲和北美，目前仍在改变亚洲和世界其他地区。当然，我们指的是人们从各地的农场和农村向城市的大规模流动。对农村的遗弃正在创造一个城市世界--在所谓的工业化国家中，75%或更多的人现在生活在城镇和城市中，到世纪末，一半的人类将成为城市居民。尽管通常被视为一种经济或人口现象，但城市化也代表着人类生态的转变。理解人类与自然其他部分的空间和物质关系的巨大变化是可持续发展的关键。因此，我们的主要目的是描述一种新的方法来评估城市的生态作用，并估计它们对生态圈的影响规模。分析表明，作为能源和物质消费的节点，城市与全球生态恶化的加速有因果关系，本身是不可持续的。与此同时，城市及其居民可以在帮助实现全球可持续性方面发挥重要作用。
It is sometimes said that the industrial revolution stimulated the greatest human migration in history. This migration swept first through Australia, Europe, and North America and is still in the process of transforming Asia and the rest of the world. We refer, of course, to the mass movement of people from farms and rural villages to cities everywhere. The seeming abandonment of the countryside is creating an urban world—75% or more of the people in so-called industrialized countries now live in towns and cities, and half of humanity will be city dwellers by the end of the century.Although usually seen as an economic or demographic phenomenon, urbanization also represents a human ecological transformation. Understanding the dramatic shift in human spatial and material relationships with the rest of nature is a key to sustainability. Our primary purpose, therefore, is to describe a novel approach to assessing the ecological role of cities and to estimate the scale of the impact they are having on the ecosphere. The analysis shows, that as nodes of energy and material consumption, cities are causally linked to accelerating global ecological decline and are not by themselves sustainable. At the same time, cities and their inhabitants can play a major role in helping to achieve global sustainability.